Detection of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in serum using a molecularly imprinted nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance sensor

Abstract

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are a fairly new class of therapeutic compounds that act upon the androgen receptor. They proffer similar anabolic properties to steroids, but with a much-reduced...

Structure revision and chemical synthesis of ligandrol's main bishydroxylated long-term metabolic marker

“…Thus, the molecular structure of this important metabolic marker should be revised from The availability of hexanoic acid 4 and its synthetic precursor pyrrolidinone 7 should facilitate further studies on the metabolism and doping control of this SARM, including the development of related sensors. 26 Furthermore, the synthetic sequence employed can be readily adapted for the synthesis of additional related metabolites [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] (e.g., the mono-and trishydroxylated ones or the postulated 12-epi-4). Efforts towards these goals are currently underway.…”

Core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers: nanoparticles targeting selective androgen receptor modulators (sarms) and steroidal models

“…It is generally considered that having much larger sized MIP particles, those in the μm size compared with nm, will decrease the binding ability of MIPs, due to smaller (nm sized) particles having a much bigger relative surface area, thus leading to more usable material [27,31,32]. The difference in size for the particles produced within this study is not considered significant enough to affect the rebinding of the target molecule, as demonstrated by previous work [20,25]. After removal of the template through a series of methanol/acetic acid (3:1 v/v) washes, the particles were ready for rebinding studies.…”

“…The slight differences between MMIP particle size are most likely due to the different template sizes, which act as an anchoring point for the functional monomers, forming a templatemonomer complex via a self-assembly approach, within the pre-polymerisation solution. The functional monomers are then crosslinked together, forming an uneven polymeric layer around the magnetic core, producing MIP nanoparticles with a range of size distributions [19,20,25,26]. It is generally considered that having much larger sized MIP particles, those in the μm size compared with nm, will decrease the binding ability of MIPs, due to smaller (nm sized) particles having a much bigger relative surface area, thus leading to more usable material [27,31,32].…”

“…While steroids have been a common imprinting target for decades making them a model system [36][37][38], SARMs have only recently come to the fore with only a single study (a sensor platform developed by the Author's team) in the literature [25].…”

“…The use of MIP nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) significantly improves MIP performance by generating more particle uniformity and better-defined binding sites, compared with the grinding of bulk MIPs to powder [25][26][27][28]. The sold-phase synthesis technique further enhances synthetic control and limits the number of binding sites per nanoparticle, enabling the nanoMIPs to offer excellent binding capacities and performances that are comparable to that of monoclonal antibodies [29][30][31][32].…”