Detection of Seat Occupancy Using a Wireless Inductive Sensor

Kisić, Milica; Blaz, Nelu; Babković, Kalman; Živanov, Ljiljana; Damnjanović, Mirjana

doi:10.1109/tmag.2016.2632862

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…1 photography and stereo imaging (Goodin et al, 2007) 2 structured lighting (LED) (Schijns, 2004;Morris et al, 2017) 3 video (Billheimer, 1990;Turner, 1998) 2005; Ungemah et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2014; for TruCount by NEC cf. https://www.necam.com/AdvancedRecognitionSystems/Products/TruCount) 6 RFID technology (Kelley, 2007) 7 inductive power transmission (Albesa and Gasulla, 2015) 8 weight sensors (Kisic et al, 2017) 9 ultrasonic sensors (Schijns, 2004) 10 neural networks for imaging analysis applications (Wshah, et al, 2016) and machine learning approaches (Xu et al, 2014) 11 Bluetooth occupancy detection (https://www.gocarma.com/) via in-vehicle systems.…”

Section: Moving Trafficmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In phase 2, TPS based on eCall 112 may allow for advanced and integrated in-vehicle systems. Two additional automated detection (sub-)systems could be employed to supplement the eCall MSD data, e.g., weight sensors, and electric field sensors (Albesa and Gasulla, 2015;Kisic et al, 2017). Weight sensors are already part of airbag system installations built in many passenger vehicles.…”

Section: Implementation Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carpooling and the Pan-European emergency call "eCall 112": Connected cars and their potential for environmental and transport policy

Schaefer¹

2019

IJATM

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To meet transport sector obligations to emissions reductions, large effects may be derived from intelligent transportation systems (ITS) solutions. Substantial decrease of vehicle miles travelled (VMT) can be achieved using transportation systems management (TSM) measures, especially through high-occupancy vehicles (HOV) incentives. Of these, carpooling and vanpooling approaches proved to be effective. However, there is a lack of reliable enforcement procedures. A review of automated vehicle occupancy verification (AVOV) research and development (R&D) is followed by a proposal focused on the Pan European emergency call 'eCall 112'. The concept explores options for an eCall 112 application as an enforcement tool in TSM operations with vehicle occupancy data contained in the minimum set of data (MSD) as the base for new road transport policy tools. A set of incentives is described which support transport and environmental objectives. The proposed enforcement may impact congestion levels in combination with HOV-lanes and without them. Climate, environment, and the performance of road transportation systems could benefit from integrated road safety and TSM operations.

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Section: Moving Trafficmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implementation Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carpooling and the Pan-European emergency call "eCall 112": Connected cars and their potential for environmental and transport policy

Schaefer¹

2019

IJATM

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“…Various sensing mechanisms are exploited, including resistance, capacitance, piezoelectricity, optics and triboelectricity [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Among those, inductive sensors are widely used in the fields of displacement measurements, particle detections, and health monitoring because of their high resolution, long life time, good linearity, high stability, simple structure and immunity to environmental fluctuations [12,13,14,15,16]. According to the law of electromagnetic induction, an inductor can generate a magnetic field as current flows through it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Flexible and Highly Sensitive Inductive Pressure Sensor Array Based on Ferrite Films

Tang

Miao

Chen

et al. 2019

Sensors

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There is a rapid growing demand for highly sensitive, easy adaptive and low-cost pressure sensing solutions in the fields of health monitoring, wearable electronics and home care. Here, we report a novel flexible inductive pressure sensor array with ultrahigh sensitivity and a simple construction, for large-area contact pressure measurements. In general, the device consists of three layers: a planar spiral inductor layer and ferrite film units attached on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane, which are separated by an array of elastic pillars. Importantly, by introducing the ferrite film with an excellent magnetic permeability, the effective permeability around the inductor is greatly influenced by the separation distance between the inductor and the ferrite film. As a result, the value of the inductance changes largely as the separation distance varies as an external load applies. Our device has achieved an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1.60 kPa−1 with a resolution of 13.61 Pa in the pressure range of 0–0.18 kPa, which is comparable to the current state-of-the-art flexible pressure sensors. More remarkably, our device shows an outstanding stability when exposed to environmental interferences, e.g., electrical noises from skin surfaces (within 0.08% variations) and a constant pressure load for more than 32 h (within 0.3% variations). In addition, the device exhibits a fast response time of 111 ms and a good repeatability under cyclic pressures varying from 38.45 to 177.82 Pa. To demonstrate its practical usage, we have successfully developed a 4 × 4 inductive pressure sensor array into a wearable keyboard for a smart electronic calendar application.

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“…Seat-occupancy monitoring systems generally use mechanical sensors that detect weight, pressure, force or acceleration over the seat. These mechanical sensors can be resistive [1], capacitive [2] or inductive [3], but the former are the most common. Different types of resistive mechanical sensors can be employed, for instance: metallic strain gauges, semiconductor strain gauges and force sensing resistors (FSR), the latter being the cheapest and the most easily integrated into the chair structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seat Occupancy Detection Based on a Low-Power Microcontroller and a Single FSR

Sifuentes

González-Landaeta

Cota-Ruiz

et al. 2019

Sensors

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This paper proposes a microcontroller-based measurement system to detect and confirm the presence of a subject in a chair. The system relies on a single Force Sensing Resistor (FSR), which is arranged in the seat of the chair, that undergoes a sudden resistance change when a subject/object is seated/placed over the chair. In order to distinguish between a subject and an inanimate object, the system also monitors small-signal variations of the FSR resistance caused by respiration. These resistance variations are then directly measured by a low-cost general-purpose microcontroller unit (MCU) without using either an analogue processing stage or an analogue-to-digital converter. Two versions of such a MCU-based circuit are presented: one to prove the concept of the measurement, and another with a smart wake-up (generated by the sudden resistance change) intended to reduce the energy consumption. The feasibility of the proposed measurement system is experimentally demonstrated with subjects of different weight sitting at different postures, and also with objects of different weight. The MCU-based circuit with a smart wake-up shows a standby current consumption of 800 nA, and requires an energy of 125 µJ to carry out the measurement after the wake-up.

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Detection of Seat Occupancy Using a Wireless Inductive Sensor

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

Carpooling and the Pan-European emergency call "eCall 112": Connected cars and their potential for environmental and transport policy

Carpooling and the Pan-European emergency call "eCall 112": Connected cars and their potential for environmental and transport policy

A Flexible and Highly Sensitive Inductive Pressure Sensor Array Based on Ferrite Films

Seat Occupancy Detection Based on a Low-Power Microcontroller and a Single FSR

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