Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, river water, and hospital wastewater of Nepal

Tandukar, Sarmila; Sthapit, Niva; Thakali, Ocean; Malla, Bikash; Sherchan, Samendra P.; Shakya, Bijay Man; Shrestha, Laxman; Sherchand, Jeevan Bahadur; Joshi, Dev Raj; Lama, Bhupendra; Haramoto, Eiji

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153816

Cited by 50 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in two natural surface water sources (Dam reservoir_C and Dam reservoir_P), as had already happened in other countries—namely, Italy [ 11 ], Mexico [ 13 ], Brazil [ 14 ], and Nepal [ 15 ]. However, in the referred studies, the viral RNA was detected in water samples taken from rivers—not from dam reservoirs, as occurred in the present project.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In Brazil, in a study by Fongaro et al [ 14 ] in August 2020, viral RNA was found in the water of a river downstream of a rural community in Minas Gerais (1.1 × 10 2 gc/mL). In Nepal, Tandukar et al [ 15 ] detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the water of a river at a concentration of 4.0 to 5.0 log10 gc/L, in addition to also having been found in wastewater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Natural and Drinking Water

et al. 2022

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Although the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been detected in wastewater from several countries, monitoring its presence in other water matrices is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of this virus in natural and drinking water over one year of monitoring (2021). A survey of viral RNA was carried out by RT-qPCR in concentrated samples of surface water, groundwater, and drinking water from different regions of Portugal. SARS-CoV-2 RNA—quantified in genomic copies per liter (gc/L) of sampled water—was not detected in groundwater, but was detected and quantified in samples of surface water (two out of 43; 8035 and 23,757 gc/L) and in drinking water (one out of 43 samples; 7463 gc/L). The study also detected and quantified Norovirus RNA, intending to confirm the use of this enteric virus to assess variations in fecal matter throughout the sampling campaign. The samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA also had the highest concentrations of Norovirus RNA—including the drinking water sample, which proved negative for fecal enteric bacteria (FIB). These results indicate that, to protect human health, it is advisable to continue monitoring these viruses, and noroviruses as fecal indicators (FI) as well—especially in low-flow water bodies that receive wastewater.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Natural and Drinking Water

et al. 2022

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“…Compared with the numerous reports of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater systems during the pandemic, the number of studies reporting its incidence in freshwater or surface water is relatively limited (Table S1). River waters were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Nepal (4–5 × 10 4 copies/L), the Minas Gerais state of southern Brazil (1.1 × 10 5 copies/L), the Monterrey metropolitan area of Mexico (2.5–7.0 × 10 3 copies/L), the Danube River in Serbia (5.97 × 10 3 –1.32 × 10 4 copies/L), the Indian cities of Ahmedabad and Guwahati (800 copies/L for the Sabarmati River and 565 copies/L for the Bharalu urban river), and the Tijuana River at two locations downstream of the United States–Mexico border in California (10 3.4 –10 7.2 copies/L). River samples collected in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, between April 22 and May 7, 2020, were negative .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in the Transboundary Rivers of Yunnan, China

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

ACS EST Water

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Ruili and Longchuan, two border counties in southwestern China, are facing epidemic control challenges due to the high rate of COVID-19 infections originating from neighboring Myanmar. Here, we aimed to establish the applicability of wastewater and environmental water surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and conduct whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to trace the possible infection origin. In August 2021, total 72 wastewater and river water samples were collected from 32 sampling sites. SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab and N genes were measured by RT-qPCR. We found that 19 samples (26.39%) were positive, and the viral loads of ORF1ab and N genes were 6.62 × 102–2.55×105 and 1.86 × 103–2.32 × 105 copies/L, respectively. WGS further indicated the sequences in two transboundary river samples, and one hospital wastewater sample belonged to the delta variant, suggesting that the infection source might be areas with high COVID-19 delta variant incidence in Southeast Asia (e.g., Myanmar). We reported for the first time the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the transboundary rivers of Myanmar–China. Our findings demonstrate that wastewater and environmental water may provide independent and nonintrusive surveillance points to monitor the global spread of emerging COVID-19 variants of concern, particularly in high-risk regions or border areas with considerable epidemic challenges and poor wastewater treatment facilities.

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“… 18 In a study of three rivers in Italy during April 2020, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected but virus concentrations were not quantified. 4 SARS-CoV-2 RNA in river samples receiving discharge of untreated wastewater during June 2020 in Ecuador, 19 October 2020 through January 2021 in Mexico, 20 July 2020 through February 2021 in Nepal, 21 and December 2020 in Serbia 22 were detected and quantified, but these studies generally relied on discrete or one-time sample collection, have river water samples receiving secondary treated wastewater effluent 23 (as opposed to raw sewage), and did not make inference about trends in concentrations. As such, more needs to be discovered about the temporal trends and relationships with community infectivity for wastewater-impaired surface waters and open channel sewage conveyance systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection, Quantification, and Simplified Wastewater Surveillance Model of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Tijuana River

et al. 2022

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The COVID-19 pandemic and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage has expanded global interest in wastewater surveillance. However, many underserved communities throughout the world lack improved sanitation and use informal combined sanitary and storm sewer systems. Sewage is transported via open channels, ditches, and rivers, where it mixes with surface water and/or stormwater. There is a need to develop better methods for the surveillance of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 RNA in this context. We developed a simplified surveillance system and monitored flow rates and concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Tijuana River at two locations downstream of the United States–Mexico border in California, United States. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the upstream location on six out of eight occasions, two of which were at concentrations as high as those reported in untreated wastewater from California sanitary sewer systems. The virus was not detected in any of the eight samples collected at the downstream (estuarine) sampling location, despite the consistent detection of PMMoV RNA. Synchrony was observed between the number of cases reported in Tijuana and the SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations measured with the CDC N1 assay when the latter were normalized by the reported flow rates in the river.

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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, river water, and hospital wastewater of Nepal

Cited by 50 publications

References 57 publications

One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Natural and Drinking Water

One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Natural and Drinking Water

Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in the Transboundary Rivers of Yunnan, China

Detection, Quantification, and Simplified Wastewater Surveillance Model of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Tijuana River

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