Detection of Root Orientation Using Ground-Penetrating Radar

Liu, Qixin; Cui, Xihong; Liu, Xinbo; Chen, Jin; Chen, Xuehong; Cao, Xin

doi:10.1109/tgrs.2017.2737003

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In this study, the spatial distribution information of roots was obtained through GPR non-destructive detection. Adopting the GPR method to study the root-soil water relationship has two advantages: GPR can be used to complete a large area of root detection in a short time [28,31,34,36,39] and can detect the root system in the whole experimental space, which eliminates the errors caused by the bias in sampling [24]. Investigating the root-soil relationship over a large area is often challenging via traditional sampling methods.…”

Section: Potentials and Limitations Of The Gpr Methods In The Ecohydromentioning

confidence: 99%

The Root-Soil Water Relationship Is Spatially Anisotropic in Shrub-Encroached Grassland in North China: Evidence from GPR Investigation

et al. 2021

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To analyze the root-soil water relationship at the stand level, we integrated ground-penetrating radar (GPR), which characterized the distribution of lateral coarse roots (>2 mm in diameter) of shrubs (Caragana microphylla Lam.), with soil core sampling, which mapped soil water content (SWC) distribution. GPR surveys and soil sampling were carried out in two plots (Plot 1 in 2017 and Plot 2 in 2018) with the same size (30 × 30 m2) in the sandy soil of the semi-arid shrubland in northern China. First, the survey area was divided into five depth intervals, i.e., 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm. Each depth interval was then divided into three zones in the horizontal direction, including root-rich canopy-covered area, root-rich canopy-free area, and root-poor area, to indicate different surface distances to the canopy. The generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to analyze the correlation between root distribution density and SWC after the spatial autocorrelation of each variable was eliminated. Results showed that the root-soil water relationship varies between the vertical and horizontal directions. Vertically, more roots are distributed in soil with high SWC and fewer roots in soil with low SWC. Namely, root distribution density is positively correlated with SWC in the vertical direction. Horizontally, the root-soil water relationship is, however, more complex. In the canopy-free area of Plot 1, the root-soil water relationship was significant (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated in the middle two depth intervals (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm). In the same two depth intervals in the canopy-free area of Plot 2, the root-soil water relationship was also significant (p < 0.01) but non-monotonic correlated, that is, with the root distribution density increasing, the mean SWC decreased first and then increased. Moreover, we discussed possible mechanisms, e.g., root water uptake, 3D root distribution, preferential flow along roots, and different growing stages, which might lead to the spatially anisotropic relationship between root distribution and SWC at the stand level. This study demonstrates the advantages of GPR in ecohydrology studies at the field scale that is challenging for traditional methods. Results reported here complement existing knowledge about the root-soil water relationship in semi-arid environments and shed new insights on modeling the complex ecohydrological processes in the root zone.

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Section: Potentials and Limitations Of The Gpr Methods In The Ecohydromentioning

confidence: 99%

The Root-Soil Water Relationship Is Spatially Anisotropic in Shrub-Encroached Grassland in North China: Evidence from GPR Investigation

et al. 2021

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“…We recorded the highest signal intensity when the radar wave orthogonally intersected with the object. In contrast, the signal is weak if the wave front is radiated parallel to the object [28]. Under natural conditions, tree roots grow in different directions from the tree trunk center.…”

Section: Effect Of Survey Line Direction On Root Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study [27] has proposed a method to minimize the effect of root orientation on three-dimensional (3D) root map generation. Furthermore, another study [28] has developed a mathematical model to analyze the formation of a hyperbolic signal (produced by the GPR) on the basis of the root orientation and using the principles of electromagnetic wave propagation. Two studies [29,30] have proposed a novel pattern-recognition system that utilizes a genetic algorithm to categorize and evaluate buried objects with high accuracy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Ground Penetrating Radar to Map the Root Architecture of HLB-Infected Citrus Trees

et al. 2019

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This paper investigates the influences of several limiting factors on the performance of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in accurately detecting huanglongbing (HLB)-infected citrus roots and determining their main structural characteristics. First, single-factor experiments were conducted to evaluate GPR performance. The factors that were evaluated were (i) root diameter; (ii) root moisture level; (iii) root depth; (iv) root spacing; (v) survey angle; and, (vi) soil moisture level. Second, two multi-factor field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the GPR in complex orchard environments. The GPR generated a hyperbola in the radar profile upon root detection; the diameter of the root was successfully determined according to the width of the hyperbola when the roots were larger than 6 mm in diameter. The GPR also distinguished live from dead roots, a capability that is indispensable for studying the effects of soil-borne and other diseases on the citrus tree root system. The GPR can distinguish the roots only if their horizontal distance is greater than 10 cm and their vertical distance is greater than 5 cm if two or more roots are in proximity. GPR technology can be applied to determine the efficacy of advanced crop production strategies, especially under the pressures of disease and environmental stresses.

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“…W IDEBAND structures have been employed in different radio communication systems. As example, ultrawideband radio communications systems (UWB) operating in 1 GHz to 10.6 GHz frequency band are applied in ground penetration radars (GPRs) [2], wall imaging systems [3], surveillance systems [4], among others [5]. With the wireless technology advancement, radiator operations in 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands are highly applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Characterization of Ultra-Wideband Horn Antenna in Quasi-TEM Mode

Boas¹,

Ribeiro²,

Costa³

et al. 2018

JCIS

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This paper describes the ultra-wideband horn antenna design operating in quasi TEM mode. The antenna consists of a triangular plate with an inclination angle above a ground plane and directly fed by a coaxial cable. Broadband characteristics, radiation pattern, high gain, and a small reflection coefficient were achieved. Its performance analysis and main parameters effects were obtained by using ANSYS HFSS R software. In the numerical analysis, an optimized model was obtained in 1.57 to 12.85 GHz bandwidth an 11 to 14 dBi gain. The proposed antenna was manufactured and the measured reflection coefficient results show an operation frequency range between 1.48 and 10.12 GHz, agreeing very well with simulations.

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Detection of Root Orientation Using Ground-Penetrating Radar

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

The Root-Soil Water Relationship Is Spatially Anisotropic in Shrub-Encroached Grassland in North China: Evidence from GPR Investigation

The Root-Soil Water Relationship Is Spatially Anisotropic in Shrub-Encroached Grassland in North China: Evidence from GPR Investigation

Evaluation of a Ground Penetrating Radar to Map the Root Architecture of HLB-Infected Citrus Trees

Design and Characterization of Ultra-Wideband Horn Antenna in Quasi-TEM Mode

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