Detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions and middle ear fluid from children with acute otitis media

Yano, Hisakazu; Okitsu, Naohiro; Hori, Toru; Watanabe, Oshi; Kisu, Tomoko; Hatagishi, Etsuko; Suzuki, Akira; Okamoto, Michiko; Ohmi, Akira; Suetake, Mitsuko; Sagai, Syun; Kobayashi, Toshimitsu; Nishimura, Hidekazu

doi:10.1080/00016480802032777

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It has also been shown that about one-third of children with viral URI developed AOM within 4 weeks of its onset [7]. Using conventional and molecular diagnostics, respiratory viruses have been detected from the nasopharynx in the majority of cases and in up to 70 % of the middle ear fluid (MEF) from children presenting with AOM [8–11]. It is notable that tympanic membrane changes in AOM can be observed as early as the first day of symptomatic viral URI [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral–Bacterial Interactions in Acute Otitis Media

Marom

Nokso-Koivisto

Chonmaitree

2012

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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Acute otitis media (AOM) is a polymicrobial disease, which usually occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI). While respiratory viruses alone may cause viral AOM, they increase the risk of bacterial middle ear infection and worsen clinical outcomes of bacterial AOM. URI viruses alter Eustachian tube (ET) function via decreased mucociliary action, altered mucus secretion and increased expression of inflammatory mediators among other mechanisms. Transient reduction in protective functions of the ET allows colonizing bacteria of the nasopharynx to ascend into the middle ear and cause AOM. Advances in research help us to better understand the host responses to viral URI, the mechanisms of viral–bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx and the development of AOM. In this review, we present current knowledge regarding viral–bacterial interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of AOM. We focus on the common respiratory viruses and their established role in AOM.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral–Bacterial Interactions in Acute Otitis Media

Marom

Nokso-Koivisto

Chonmaitree

2012

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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“…We reviewed 71 fulltext articles, of which 12 were included (Supplemental Fig 3). 12,18,21,30,[35][36][37][38]41,[43][44] …”

Section: Aommentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

Kronman¹,

2014

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Many pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are viral and do not require antimicrobial treatment. Recent estimates of antimicrobial overprescribing for these infections, defined based on the published bacterial disease prevalence among all ARTI, are not available. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Based on the published bacterial prevalence rates for pediatric ARTI, antimicrobial agents are prescribed almost twice as often as expected to outpatients nationally, amounting to an estimated 11.4 million potentially preventable antimicrobial prescriptions annually. abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobials are frequently prescribed for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI), although many are viral. We aimed to determine bacterial prevalence rates for 5 common childhood ARTI -acute otitis media (AOM), sinusitis, bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and pharyngitis-and to compare these rates to nationally representative antimicrobial prescription rates for these ARTI. METHODS:We performed (1) a meta-analysis of English language pediatric studies published between 2000 and 2011 in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library to determine ARTI bacterial prevalence rates; and (2) a retrospective cohort analysis of children age ,18 years evaluated in ambulatory clinics sampled by the 2000-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) to determine estimated US ARTI antimicrobial prescribing rates. RESULTS:From the meta-analysis, the AOM bacterial prevalence was 64.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.5%-77.7%); Streptococcus pyogenes prevalence during pharyngitis was 20.2% (95% CI, 15.9%-25.2%). No URI or bronchitis studies met inclusion criteria, and 1 sinusitis study met inclusion criteria, identifying bacteria in 78% of subjects. Based on these condition-specific bacterial prevalence rates, the expected antimicrobial rescribing rate for ARTI overall was 27.4% (95% CI, 26.5%-28.3%). However, antimicrobial agents were prescribed in NAMCS during 56.9% (95% CI, 50.8%-63.1%) of ARTI encounters, representing an estimated 11.4 million potentially preventable antimicrobial prescriptions annually.

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“…Treatment failures and relapses of AOM in children are influenced not only by microbiological factors, such as antibiotic resistance (10), viral coinfection (16,17), biofilm formation (11,12), and invasion of epithelial cells (18), but also by host factors, including immaturity of the immune system (17), lack of breastfeeding (19), tubal dysfunction (20), recent antibiotic usage (21), and multiple episodes of AOM. In addition, environmental factors such as attending a day care center (2) and the presence of siblings (22) influence treatment failure and relapse of AOM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement Rate of Acute Otitis Media Caused by Haemophilus influenzae at 1 Week Is Significantly Associated with Time to Recovery

et al. 2013

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The susceptibilities of the isolates to ampicillin were determined, and microtiter biofilm assays and invasion assays using BEAS-2B cells were performed. The association between these bacterial characteristics and clinical relapses of AOM and treatment failures was evaluated. Seventy-four children (39 boys and 35 girls) with a median age of 1 year (interquartile range [IQR], 0.25 to 2 years) were enrolled. Among 74 H. influenzae isolates, 37 showed intermediate resistance or resistance to ampicillin (MIC, >2 g/ml). In the microtiter biofilm assay, the median optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ) was 0.68 (IQR, 0.24 to 1.02), and 70 isolates formed biofilms. The median invasion rate was 15% (IQR, 0 to 10%), and 46 isolates invaded BEAS-2B cells. Relapses and treatment failures occurred in 19 and 6 children, respectively. There was no significant difference in the invasion rates between patients with and those without relapses or treatment failures. Also, there was no significant association between biofilm formation and relapse or treatment failure. The improvements in the severity scores after 1 week were significantly associated with the recovery time (P < 0.0001). We did not identify any significant association between relapse or treatment failure and bacterial factors. AOM has a multifactorial etiology, and this may explain why we could not find a significant association. An improvement in the severity score after 1 week of treatment may be a useful predictor of the outcome of AOM.A cute otitis media (AOM) is the most common disease of the upper respiratory tract in childhood, and treatment of AOM is the most frequent reason that children in the United States take antibiotics (1). In Japan, the incidence of AOM has increased recently, and many children now need hospitalization to receive intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of intractable AOM with persistent purulent otorrhea (2).We previously reported that Haemophilus influenzae can form a biofilm both in vitro (3) and in vivo (4). Bacterial biofilms are recognized as having an important role in various human infections, and the bacteria in a biofilm are more resistant to antibiotic therapy than are planktonic microorganisms, suggesting that biofilms might play an important role in the pathogenesis and chronicity of otitis media (3). In addition, an investigation of the mechanism of airway epithelium invasion by H. influenzae revealed that the bacteria are internalized by the adenoid cells of children (5). We also previously demonstrated that H. influenzae isolated from clinical samples can invade and destroy human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) (6), suggesting that such activity might delay the resolution of AOM. However, the association between biofilm formation or invasion of bronchial epithelial cells and the clinical course and outcome of AOM due to H. influenzae has been unclear.Accordingly, we measured the biofilm formation and invasion of bronchial epithelial cells by H. influenzae isolated from children with AOM, and we evaluated the ...

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Detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions and middle ear fluid from children with acute otitis media

Cited by 39 publications

References 20 publications

Viral–Bacterial Interactions in Acute Otitis Media

Viral–Bacterial Interactions in Acute Otitis Media

Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

Improvement Rate of Acute Otitis Media Caused by Haemophilus influenzae at 1 Week Is Significantly Associated with Time to Recovery

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