“…New technologies have been implemented in a wider value chain approach to safe meat production as described in Meat Safety Assurance System (MSAS) ( Blagojevic et al, 2021 ). Examples are spectroscopy in surveillance programmes for heavy metals and medical residuals ( Gibson, Bratchell, & Roberts, 1988 ), serology ( Engvall & Perlmann, 1971 ; Maganira, Kidima, Mwita, & Höglund, 2021 ; Nielsen et al, 2001 ), HACCP and verifying microbiological tests ( Arvanitoyannis, 2009 ), programmes on Salmonella and Campylobacter ( EFSA, 2011a ; Sandberg, Ostensvik, Aunsmo, Skjerve, & Hofshagen, 2006 ) and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) ( Mullis, Jose, Leath, Wennberg, & Joseph, 1997 ). In recent years, new enabling technologies have shown promising testing results in detecting invisible microbial contamination ( Avershina et al, 2021 ; Burfoot, Tinker, Thorn, & Howell, 2011 ; Lee et al, 2010 ; Taxt, Avershina, Frye, Naseer, & Ahmad, 2020 ).…”