Detection of phosphine resistance in major stored-product insects in Greece and evaluation of a field resistance test kit

Effect of Nitrogen on Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Populations of Stored Product Insects

“…The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) protocol, as described by the FAO Plant Protection Bulletin (FAO 1975), and modified by Agrafioti et al [ 8 ], was used for the evaluation of the occurrence of phosphine resistance for each population. In brief, twenty adults of each of the tested species and populations were placed in a 1.5 L glass jar and exposed to phosphine concentration of 30 ppm for 20 h. After the termination of the exposure interval, active—i.e., capable of coordinated movement—and immobilized—i.e., not capable of coordinated movement—adults were recorded, as described by Athanassiou et al [ 23 ].…”

“…Major stored product insects such as the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostryhidae); the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae); and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) were found to be resistant to phosphine [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The increase in resistance populations worldwide necessitates the need for the use of alternative methods, either as standalone applications or as “resistance breakers” under a rotation concept with phosphine [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Controlled atmosphere has been used for control of insects in a number of fresh commodities—e.g., fruits [ 9 ].…”

“…For example, the utilization of contact insecticides has been proven to be effective for the control of populations that are resistant to phosphine, while several studies document the absence of cross resistance [ 10 , 11 ]. Recently, Agrafioti et al [ 8 ] reported that heat treatment could be a viable method for the control of phosphine-resistant insect populations. Additional methods that have been proved effective for this purpose in laboratory and field trials are ozone [ 12 ] and the fumigant sulfuryl fluoride [ 13 ].…”

Testing against umbrella or tree orderings for binomial proportions with an adaptation of an insect resistance case

“…The gas was applied at different concentrations, i.e. 0 (control), 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm, in glass jars of 1 L capacity, as suggested by Agrafioti, Athanassiou, and Nayak (2019). Each jar contained 20 adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which is a major stored product insect with cosmopolitan distribution.…”

Population Development of Bean Weevils (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in Landrace Varieties of Cowpeas and Common Beans

“…Control of pest insects affecting stored grains is performed principally by using synthetic insecticides, including phosphine (PH 3 ), pyrethroids, and organophosphorus compounds (Agrafioti et al 2019;Gourgouta et al 2019). However, there is worldwide concern regarding the continued and indiscriminate use of pesticides, which may pose risks to human health as well as the environment, highlighting the need to implement new control strategies for pest management of stored products (Gonçalves et al 2015;Souza et al 2018).…”