Detection of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease: current status of experimental work

Ghosh, Subrata; Armitage, Emma; Wilson, Dulmini; Pd, Minor; Afzal, Muhammad

doi:10.1136/gut.48.6.748

Cited by 33 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The question arose if the effect of the attenuated vaccine was responsible for the increase in CD incidence, but again no relationship was found [79,81] . Several later attempts to isolate virus in tissue or blood with more specific techniques were unsuccessfu l [86] ; the possibility of immunological cross reaction between intestinal or viral antigens was also discarded [87][88][89] . Consequently, since the minimum data necessary to establish a causal biological relationship has not been attained, the implication of the measles virus or its vaccine [90] in the pathogenesis of IBD is uncertain.…”

Section: Measlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease: Bug or no bug

Bosca-Watts

Tosca

Antón

et al. 2015

WJGP

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Section: Measlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease: Bug or no bug

Bosca-Watts

Tosca

Antón

et al. 2015

WJGP

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“…Different bacteria or infectious agents have been accused of causing Crohn's disease in recent decades. Among those infectious agents were MAP [21,22,23], viruses [24,25,26,27], enteroinvasive Escherichia coli [28,29,30] and many more, but no sufficient evidence has been found for any of these infectious causes (which may be seen differently by supporters of such concepts).…”

Section: Why Do Pathophysiological Concepts That Have Never Been Provmentioning

confidence: 91%

The History and Philosophy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Rogler¹

2013

Dig Dis

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Many interesting statements about inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and also Crohn's disease have been made in recent years in journals and scientific meetings. They have influenced our thinking and the perception of the diseases. Among these statements is the notion that IBDs are ‘relatively new diseases', that ‘IBD is rather a syndrome than a disease' or that with the new insights into pathophysiology, ‘we will be able to discriminate many different Crohn's diseases based on genetic risk factors'. A look into history and philosophy may help to clarify misconceptions and prove that many of these statements are either wrong or misleading. People suffered from symptoms that are suggestive of Crohn's disease centuries before the disease concept evolved in the early 19th century and before Burrill B. Crohn could describe a complex of symptoms he suggested to be a so far non-identified disease. Early concepts on the pathophysiology of CD were not so different to present-time theories as it may be assumed. ‘Pre-ideas' and basic concepts were leading the search for a cause of Crohn's disease and IBD. With respect to pathophysiology, we have to accept that most likely we will never come up with one unifying concept (‘the cause of IBD') as different scientific schools and think-collectives exist. Therefore, the ‘classical adaptive immunologists' and the ‘innate immunologist' as well as scientists focused on barrier function or the microbiome will never completely understand each other and each other's concepts. As for many other diseases, several different pathophysiological concepts existed in parallel and will do so in the future as it is impossible to prove the exclusive ‘truth' of one of the concepts for reasons that will be further discussed below. This means on the other hand that none of the concepts on pathophysiology of IBD we have at present will ever unequivocally be proven to be wrong.

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“…Thompson et al [77] were the first to raise the possibility of a link between measles vaccination and IBD. In a cohort analysis of 3,545 individuals in the UK, they showed that individuals with a history of exposure to measles vaccination were 3-fold and 2.5-fold more likely to develop CD and UC, respectively, compared with unvaccinated controls, but additional studies failed to confirm this association [78] . Similar conflictive findings were reported for MMR and BCG vaccinations [79] .…”

Section: Hygiene Factorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Importantly, the progressive decline of measles virus infection in the last decades with the concomitant rise of CD during the same period of time speaks against an etiologic role for the measles in CD. The hypothesis that measles vaccination, rather than the measles infection, might be a risk factor for CD was also raised, yet again, results of additional studies failed to confirm this association [59] . In contrast, a role for cytomegalovirus infection was proposed in UC [60] .…”

Section: Pathogenic Microbesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Environmental Factors Affecting Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Have We Made Progress?

Lakatos

2009

Dig Dis

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The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is only partially understood; various environmental and host (e.g. genetic, epithelial, immune, and nonimmune) factors are involved. The critical role for environmental factors is strongly supported by recent worldwide trends in IBD epidemiology. One important environmental factor is smoking. A meta-analysis partially confirms previous findings that smoking was found to be protective against ulcerative colitis and, after the onset of the disease, might improve its course, decreasing the need for colectomy. In contrast, smoking increases the risk of developing Crohn’s disease and aggravates its course. The history of IBD is dotted by cyclic reports on the isolation of specific infectious agents responsible for Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. The more recently published cold chain hypothesis is providing an even broader platform by linking dietary factors and microbial agents. An additional, recent theory has suggested a breakdown in the balance between putative species of ‘protective’ versus ‘harmful’ intestinal bacteria – this concept has been termed dysbiosis resulting in decreased bacterial diversity. Other factors such as oral contraceptive use, appendectomy, dietary factors (e.g. refined sugar, fat, and fast food), perinatal events, and childhood infections have also been associated with both diseases, but their role is more controversial. Nonetheless, there is no doubt that economic development, leading to improved hygiene and other changes in lifestyle (‘westernized lifestyle’) may play a role in the increase in IBD. This review article focuses on the role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis and progression of IBDs.

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Detection of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease: current status of experimental work

Cited by 33 publications

References 52 publications

Pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease: Bug or no bug

Pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease: Bug or no bug

The History and Philosophy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Environmental Factors Affecting Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Have We Made Progress?

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