“…However, the ability of pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus species to survive unfavourable conditions for a long period of time and could still be contagious to exposed humans have been previously reported (Hübner, Hübner, Kramer, & Assadian, 2011). Furthermore, Staphylococcus species have also been linked to several virulence determinants (Conlon, 2014;Igbinosa, Beshiru, Akporehe, & Ogofure, 2016;Oheagbulem, Oche, Akuakolam, & Akinnibosun, 2023). Although, exposure of human to microbial contaminants such as Staphylococcus species via mouth or broken skin tissues could induce infections, they are usually minimal in young and healthy human population as they are capable of eliminating the pathogens within few hours or days prior to exposure (Angen et al, 2017).…”