Detection of oxidative species and low‐molecular‐weight DNA in skin following dermal exposure with JP‐8 jet fuel

Abstract

Dermal absorption of JP-8 jet fuel can lead to skin irritation within hours after exposure. This study detected the formation of oxidative species and low-molecular-weight DNA in rat skin as potential indicators of JP-8-induced skin injury. At 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after the beginning of a 1-h exposure, skin samples were removed and analyzed for oxidative species formation and low-molecular-weight DNA analysis. At 1, 2 and 4 h, mean oxidative species levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) above unexposed samples. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) low-molecular-weight DNA values were observed at 4 and 6 h compared with unexposed controls. These results demonstrate significant increases in oxidative species and low-molecular-weight DNA levels in the skin following dermal exposure to JP-8. These responses may serve as indicators of skin injury following exposure to JP-8 jet fuel and other volatile chemicals or mixtures.

Identification of potential biomarkers for predicting acute dermal irritation by proteomic analysis

“…In the sections of embryos after embryonic day 13.5, SOD1 mRNA was expressed in various tissues, with especially high expression in epithelial cells of skin (Yon et al , ). At the cellular level, irritants induced profound alterations in the physiology of keratinocytes triggered by oxidative stress (Rogers et al , ). Skin irritation links to immunological processes, and keratinocytes are the major source of cytokines (Corsini and Galli, ).…”

The cytotoxicity of volatile JP-8 jet fuel components in keratinocytes

“…In vivo dermal exposure to JP-8 can lead to skin irritation, pro-inflammatory mediator expression, formation of oxidative species, and DNA damage (Kinkead et al, 1992;Kanikkannan et al, 2000;Kabbur et al, 2001;Rogers et al, 2001). Studies have evaluated the presence of jet fuel constituents in breath and urine as well as dermal penetration rates for use as biomarkers to assess exposure to JP-8 (Riviere et al, 1999;Pleil et al, 2000;Egeghy et al, 2003;Serdar et al, 2003).…”

“…Aromatic and aliphatic components of JP-8 can rapidly penetrate the skin (McDougal et al, 2000), which can promote mild skin irritation, oxidative species formation, and DNA damage (Kinkead et al, 1992;Kanikkannan et al, 2000;Kabbur et al, 2001;Rogers et al, 2001). In vitro studies have been used to evaluate the toxic and irritating effects of JP-8 in which endpoints including cytotoxicity, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and cytokine release have been observed in cultured cells exposed to jet fuel (Boulares et al, 2002;Chou et al, 2002;Jackman et al, 2002;Wang et al, 2002;Chou et al, 2003).…”

Skin analysis to determine causative agent in dermal exposure to petroleum products

“…This is because (1) homogenization lowers the recovery due to winding up into the shaft, which also results in bigger C.V. depending on how much skin sample is lost, (2) some components are easily evaporated during the homogenizing process due to their high volatilities and (3) pulverization of skin sample frozen in liquid nitrogen, which is sometimes utilized for the pretreatment of skin [9], has not worked well for small skin samples in our preliminary study. Quick performance in mincing skin, putting it into water and being capped was efficient and adequate for identifying the causative agent.…”