Detection of occult blood in feces

Kiefer, Everett D.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(34)90223-3

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Traditional faecal occult blood tests in humans have included the use of products with the one of the active compounds orthotolidine, benzidine or guaiac to detect haemoglobin [8,9]. The orthotolidine and benzidine tests have been reported as able to detect volumes of blood as low as 0.04 ml per 100 g human faeces [9], while the detection limit of the guaiac test initially was reported between 3.4 and 8 ml of blood per 100 g human faeces [8]. Even though orthotolidine and benzidine were the favoured test compounds in the 1970s their use were diminished substantially due to their carcinogenic effects [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of two faecal occult blood diagnostic tests for detection of non-perforating abomasal lesions in cattle

Munch¹,

Nielsen²,

Krogh³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Non-perforating abomasal lesions have been observed with a high prevalence in slaughtered dairy cattle. Of all lesions found 62-66% were reported to be bleeding and 41-44% were reported to be chronic. The diagnostic properties of two faecal occult blood tests for detection abomasal lesions were evaluated. First, an in vitro titration test was used to determine the detection limit for blood in faeces for each of the tests. A tetramethylbenzidine-based test detected 2 ml blood and a guaiac-based test detected 4.5 ml of blood per 1,000 g faeces. Then, to determine if blood is degraded by rumen microbes, an in vitro study of blood fermentation in rumen fluid was conducted. Blood or haemoglobin in the quantities used did not break down when fermented for 48 hours. Lastly, faeces from 1,553 cattle was collected in a slaughterhouse and tested for the presence of blood the same day and 2 days after. The faecal results were compared with the presence of abomasal lesions in the cattle investigated. Cattle with ≥ 4 lesion subtypes considered to be bleeding had more positive test results. Cattle with ≥ 4 subtype Ib lesions had 1.7 times higher odds of testing positive in the tetramethylbenzidine test on Day 2 (95% confidence interval: 1.4 – 1.9) and cattle with ≥ 4 subtype Ic lesions had 1.9 times higher odds of testing positive (95% confidence interval: 1.6 – 2.3). However, 20% false-positive results were also observed, and a positive test can not necessarily be interpreted as the cow having abomasal lesions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of two faecal occult blood diagnostic tests for detection of non-perforating abomasal lesions in cattle

Munch¹,

Nielsen²,

Krogh³

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For stool consistency, it was scored as follows: (0: normal, 1 and 2: loose stool, 3 and 4: diarrhea). The presence of occult blood in feces was assayed using benzidine test (Kiefer, 1934). Occult blood was graded using a score of 0, for no color change; 1, for a very light blue color (±) taking over 30 s to appear; 2, for a blue color developing in 30 s or more (+); 3, for an immediate change in color occurring in less than 30 s (++); and 4, for gross blood observable on the slide (Table 1).…”

Section: Evaluation Of Disease Activity Index (Dai)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effect ofMorus macrouraMiq. fruit extract against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: Involvement of miRNA-223 and TNFα/NFκB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway

Salama

Darwish

Shaffei

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) activation and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) expression play a significant role in the activation of nod-like receptor pyrin domain-1 containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inflammatory pathway, which is involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Furthermore, miRNA-223 expression was shown to exert counter-regulatory effect on NLRP3 expression. Interestingly, polyphenols are attaining increased importance for their potential effectiveness in ameliorating certain diseases owing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In accord, our study attempted to investigate the effect of mulberry tree (Morus macroura) fruit extract (MFE) against acetic acid (AA)- induced UC in rats, which is not previously investigated, based on previous promising results for MFE in alleviating gastric ulcer in rats. First, total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were determined in MFE. Then, MFE (300 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (Sulfa), as a standard treatment (100 mg/kg), were given orally for seven days before intra-rectal induction of UC by AA (2 ml, 4% v/v) on day eight. The extent of UC was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Biochemically, the colonic TNFR1, NLRP3, p- NFκB p65, TNFα, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-18 levels, miRNA-223 expression and caspase-1 activity were assayed. MFE significantly reduced macroscopic and microscopic scores, colonic levels of TNFR1, NLRP3, p-NFκB p65, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 activity, and showed increased miRNA-223 expression, almost similarly to Sulfa effects. In conclusion, our study provided a novel impact for MFE against AA-induced UC in rats through affecting miRNA-223 expression and halting TNFα/NFκB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway.

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“…Traditional fecal occult blood tests in humans have included the use of products with one of the following active compounds to detect hemoglobin: orthotolidine, benzidine or guaiac [ 8 , 9 ]. The common biochemical mechanism for all the substances is an oxidation of hemoglobin [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Two Fecal Occult Blood Tests for Detecting Non-Perforating Abomasal Lesions in Cattle

Munch

Nielsen

Krogh

et al. 2020

Animals

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Non-perforating abomasal lesions occur with a high prevalence in slaughtered dairy cattle. Ante mortem diagnosis is a challenge, but the presence of occult blood in feces is suggested as a diagnostic criterion. The lower detection limit of Hemo-Fec® (Med-Kjemi, Asker, Norway) and Hemoccult II® SENSA® (Beckman Coulter, Brea, California, USA) for fecal occult blood were estimated. The Hemo-Fec® and Hemoccult II® SENSA® could detect 1–2 mL and 2–4.5 mL of blood in 1000 g of feces, respectively. Therefore, the Hemo-Fec® test was selected to access hemoglobin degradation in the rumen to establish if blood from outside the gastrointestinal tract could result in false-positive tests and an observational study to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Rumen microbiota did not degrade hemoglobin in a 1% blood concentration in vitro during 48 h of fermentation. The Hemo-Fec® test was only able to detect cattle with ≥4 acute lesions (diagnostic sensitivity: 0.40 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.32–0.48] and ≥4 chronic lesions (sensitivity: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.35–0.52]). The Hemo-Fec® test had no diagnostic potential to detect superficial erosions or scar tissue in abomasa. Furthermore, the specificity was 0.71 [95% CI: 0.68–0.75%], and a positive test is thus not equivalent with abomasal lesions in cattle.

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Detection of occult blood in feces

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of two faecal occult blood diagnostic tests for detection of non-perforating abomasal lesions in cattle

WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of two faecal occult blood diagnostic tests for detection of non-perforating abomasal lesions in cattle

Protective effect ofMorus macrouraMiq. fruit extract against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: Involvement of miRNA-223 and TNFα/NFκB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway

Evaluation of Two Fecal Occult Blood Tests for Detecting Non-Perforating Abomasal Lesions in Cattle

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