Detection of Norwalk virus in stool by polymerase chain reaction

Jiang, Xi; Wang, Jianxiang; Graham, David Y.; Estes, Mary K.

doi:10.1128/jcm.30.10.2529-2534.1992

Cited by 303 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The PCR has been utilized as a detection technique for canine viral pathogens such as canine parvovirus from feces (10,22,28). A nested PCR (nPCR) assay has also been described for feline infectious peritonitis virus (7), a closely related coronavirus, and more recently an nPCR assay for the detection of CCV based on primers to the transmembrane protein M gene has been described (17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Canine Coronavirus Strains from Feces by S Gene Nested PCR and Molecular Characterization of a New Australian Isolate

Naylor

Harrison

Monckton³

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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A nested PCR (nPCR) assay for the detection of canine coronavirus (CCV) in fecal samples is described. The target sequence for the assay was a 514-bp fragment within the spike (S) glycoprotein gene. The sensitivity of the assay is extremely high, detecting as little as 25 50% tissue culture infective doses per g of unprocessed feces. A clinical trial using dogs challenged orally with CCV SA4 and CCV NVSL was used to compare viral isolation and the nPCR assay as detection techniques over a 2-week period of infection. Virus isolation detected CCV shedding from day 4 to 9 postchallenge, while the nPCR assay detected CCV shedding from day 4 to 13 postchallenge. Cloning and sequencing of the nPCR assay product enabled investigation of the evolutionary relationships between strains within the S gene. The simple and rapid procedure described here makes this assay an ideal alternative technique to electron microscopy and viral isolation in cell culture for detection of CCV shedding in feces. The described assay also provides a method of identifying new strains of CCV without the complicated and time-consuming practice of raising antibodies to individual strains. This is illustrated by the identification, for the first time, of an Australian isolate of CCV (UWSMN-1).

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Canine Coronavirus Strains from Feces by S Gene Nested PCR and Molecular Characterization of a New Australian Isolate

Naylor

Harrison

Monckton³

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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“…The advent of PCR has transformed the utility of the virus diagnostic laboratory and, compared to traditional methods, has led to many benefits including improved patient management and increased ascertainment of previously under-diagnosed and undetectable viruses. [1][2][3] The advent of real time PCR technologies has further improved upon these already significant benefits. [4][5][6][7][8][9] In comparison to traditional gel-based PCR assays, real time PCR offers similar or improved sensitivity and specificity in a rapid format (turn around time from sample receipt to result <5 h).…”

Section: Overview Of Service Development At the West Of Scotland Specmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using multiplex real time PCR in order to streamline a routine diagnostic service

Gunson

Bennett

Maclean

et al. 2008

Journal of Clinical Virology

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An increasing number of virology laboratories are now utilising in house real time PCR assays as the frontline diagnostic tests. As the number of tests on offer increases the natural progression from this will be to rationalise their service via multiplexing. Since 2003 we have introduced a large number of qualitative and quantitative multiplex real time PCR assays into our routine testing service. This paper describes the development of the multiplex assays, the problems encountered and the resultant benefits to the routine service.

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“…From early work with IEM, and later sequence analysis of genomes of di¡erent NLV strains, it became evident that the NLV are in fact an antigenically and genetically diverse group of viruses [49^53]. At present, genome-based detection methods are available, in which fragments of the viral RNA are ampli¢ed directly from stool samples by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ( [54,55], reviewed in [47]). Initial studies using these methods to detect viral RNA in outbreak specimens con¢rmed the unusual level of divergence, even when a highly conserved region of the viral genome was selected as a target for the RT-PCR [51,56^58].…”

Section: Diagnosis In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foodborne viruses

Koopmans¹

2002

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

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Foodborne and waterborne viral infections are increasingly recognized as causes of illness in humans. This increase is partly explained by changes in food processing and consumption patterns that lead to the worldwide availability of high-risk food. As a result, vast outbreaks may occur due to contamination of food by a single foodhandler or at a single source. Although there are numerous fecal-orally transmitted viruses, most reports of foodborne transmission describe infections with Norwalk-like caliciviruses (NLV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), suggesting that these viruses are associated with the greatest risk of foodborne transmission. NLV and HAV can be transmitted from person to person, or indirectly via food, water, or fomites contaminated with virus-containing feces or vomit. People can be infected without showing symptoms. The high frequency of secondary cases of NLV illness and - to a lesser extent - of hepatitis A following a foodborne outbreak results in amplification of the problem. The burden of illness is highest in the elderly, and therefore is likely to increase due to the aging population. For HAV, the burden of illness may increase following hygienic control measures, due to a decreasing population of naturally immune individuals and a concurrent increase in the population at risk. Recent advances in the research of NLV and HAV have led to the development of molecular methods which can be used for molecular tracing of virus strains. These methods can be and have been used for the detection of common source outbreaks. While traditionally certain foods have been implicated in virus outbreaks, it is clear that almost any food item can be involved, provided it has been handled by an infected person. There are no established methods for detection of viruses in foods other than shellfish. Little information is available on disinfection and preventive measures specifically for these viruses. Studies addressing this issue are hampered by the lack of culture systems. As currently available routine monitoring systems exclusively focus on bacterial pathogens, efforts should be made to combine epidemiological and virological information for a combined laboratory-based rapid detection system for foodborne viruses. With better surveillance, including typing information, outbreaks of foodborne infections could be reported faster to prevent further spread.

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Detection of Norwalk virus in stool by polymerase chain reaction

Cited by 303 publications

References 17 publications

Identification of Canine Coronavirus Strains from Feces by S Gene Nested PCR and Molecular Characterization of a New Australian Isolate

Identification of Canine Coronavirus Strains from Feces by S Gene Nested PCR and Molecular Characterization of a New Australian Isolate

Using multiplex real time PCR in order to streamline a routine diagnostic service

Foodborne viruses

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