“…During the 2 to 3 days of clinical disease (and probably longer after the disappearance of symptoms), viruses replicate in the intestine, which results in watery diarrhea and the shedding of a large quantity of progeny viruses (14). This, together with the very low infectious dose of NoVs and their high resistance in the environment, explains why more than half of food-borne NoV outbreaks have been associated with food requiring handling but no subsequent heating, with water, or with foods such as raspberries or shellfish (6,15,17,19,20,26). In this respect, shellfish are a unique food since they filter large volumes of water for feeding, they grow in coastal areas that may be contaminated by sewage, and they are usually consumed uncooked (8,18,31).…”