Detection of noroviruses in raspberries associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak

Guyader, Françoise S. Le; Mittelholzer, Christian; Haugarreau, L.; Hedlund, Kjell‐Olof; Alsterlund, R; Pommepuy, Monique; Svensson, Lennart

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.018

Cited by 186 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Transmission of viruses associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve shellfish, particularly, oysters which are eaten uncooked, is regularly reported (Koopmans and Duizer 2004;Widdowson et al 2005). Other foods, including raspberries (Cotterelle et al 2005;Le Guyader et al 2004;Gaulin et al 1999;Korsager et al 2005;Hedlund et al 2000;Falkenhorst et al 2005;Hjertqvist et al 2006;Fell et al 2007;Ponka et al 1999) and salads (Vivancos et al 2009), have caused outbreaks after being contaminated by polluted water or virus-infected food handlers. Polluted water, both drinking water and recreational water, have been shown to have transmitted viruses (Cannon et al 1991;Lawson et al 1991;Maunula et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

et al. 2010

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Potential ways to address the issues that relate to the techniques for analyzing food and environmental samples for the presence of enteric viruses are discussed. It is not the authors' remit to produce or recommend standard or reference methods but to address specific issues in the analytical procedures. Foods of primary importance are bivalve molluscs, particularly, oysters, clams, and mussels; salad crops such as lettuce, green onions and other greens; and soft fruits such as raspberries and strawberries. All types of water, not only drinking water but also recreational water (fresh, marine, and swimming pool), river water (irrigation water), raw and treated sewage are potential vehicles for virus transmission. Well over 100 different enteric viruses could be food or water contaminants; however, with few exceptions, most well-characterized foodborne or waterborne viral outbreaks are restricted to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and calicivirus, essentially norovirus (NoV). Target viruses for analytical methods include, in addition to NoV and HAV, hepatitis E virus (HEV), enteroviruses (e.g., poliovirus), adenovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and any other relevant virus likely to be transmitted by food or water. A survey of the currently available methods for detection of viruses in food and environmental matrices was conducted, gathering information on protocols for extraction of viruses from various matrices and on the various specific detection techniques for each virus type.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

et al. 2010

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“…Many studies, partly reported in the present review, have been performed to eliminate inhibitors in environmental and food samples. Inhibiting substances may persist in the extracted sample and can lead to false negative results (Le Guyader et al 2004a). Moreover, malfunction of the thermal cycler, incorrect PCR mixture, or poor polymerase activity could contribute to false negative results.…”

Section: Quality Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The level of recovery of such a control will allow the relative quantification of the efficiency of the sample extraction procedure. More important, it will provide data that can assist the interpretation of whether negative results could be false due to failure of the extraction procedure (Le Guyader et al 2004a).…”

Section: Process Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For these reasons, AEV could be a candidate as a process control for HAV diagnostics. Other Picornaviridae such as poliovirus, which also exist as vaccine strains (killed or attenuated) with developed RT-PCR primers (Fout et al 2003), have been used as process controls (Le Guyader et al 2004a;Beuret et al 2003). However, this virus has been detected in food (Lodder-Verschoor et al 2005) and can be present as a foodborne pathogen (Lees 2000).…”

Section: Cultivable Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the foodborne enteric viruses, noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of illness (Koopmans and Duizer 2004), but other viruses such as hepatitis A and E virus (HAV and HEV), rotavirus, and enterovirus are implicated in foodborne outbreaks as well (Dalton et al 1996;Koff 1998;Matsumoto et al 1989;Svensson 2000;Tei et al 2003). Frozen raspberries have been linked to at least two outbreaks of HAV (Reid and Robinson 1987;Ramsay and Upton 1989) and two outbreaks of caliciviruses (Le Guyader et al 2004a;Falkenhorst et al 2005). In one of these outbreaks, the same batch of raspberries caused a series of sub-outbreaks in which multiple strains of NoV infected 1,100 people in Denmark during summer 2005 (Falkenhorst et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Methods for Extraction and Concentration of Enteric Viruses from Fresh Fruit and Vegetables: Towards International Standards

Croci

Dubois

Cook³

et al. 2008

Food Anal. Methods

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Virus-contaminated soft fruits or vegetables are increasingly identified as causes of foodborne viral illness. Noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are the most common pathogens in viral infections transmitted by these kinds of foods. To improve microbiological detection and monitoring and to increase insights into the contribution of fruits and vegetables to foodborne viral transmission, sensitive, reliable, and standardized methods are needed. More studies on virus detection methods for foods are being published, but validated consensus protocols are not yet available. In this paper, different methodologies are reviewed critically. The use of process controls and internal amplification controls is discussed.

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