Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in New World Monkeys in Peru

Rosenbaum, Marieke; Mendoza, Patricia; Ghersi, Bruno M.; Wilbur, Alicia K.; Perez-Brumer, Amaya; Yong, Nancy Cavero; Kasper, Matthew R.; Montano, Silvia M.; Zunt, Joseph R.; Jones‐Engel, Lisa

doi:10.1007/s10393-014-0996-x

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Nonetheless, protocols for translocations and reintroduction, as well as for keeping animals in captivity, do not exist. Of highest concern is the lack of standardized protocols for genetic, health, ecological and ethological evaluations for primate reintroductions [Rosenbaum et al, ]. In many cases, primates are released to the wild as soon as they are confiscated without a habituation or quarantine period or any medical examination, putting wild populations at risk [Deem et al, ; Karesh et al, ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is urgent to incorporate wildlife specialists into local offices in order to reduce trade and improve welfare for confiscated primates. An improved legal framework for handling confiscated animals, to ensure welfare and reduce opportunities for introducing infectious diseases to the wild, is also urgently needed [Karesh et al, ; Rosenbaum et al, ]. There also is a need for training of authorities in the taxonomic diversity and distribution of primates to avoid confusion when identifying species.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic overview of the illegal trade in primates and law enforcement in Peru

Shanee

Mendoza²,

Shanee

2015

American J Primatol

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Peru has one of the richest primate faunas of any country. The illegal trade in wild primates is one of the largest threats to this fauna in Peru. We characterize the illegal trade in primates through empirical and ethnographic data. We collected data from traffic routes and centers throughout Peru and evaluate current efforts to combat this traffic. Based on our findings from 2,070 instances of wildlife crime involving 6,872 primates, we estimate the domestic trade in primates for pets and bushmeat in Peru in the hundreds of thousands per year, with the larger bodied Atelidae facing the highest direct consequences. We found that government authorities lack sufficient staff, capacity, resources, infrastructure, and protocols to efficiently combat illegal trade in primates. Also, the complicated legal framework and lack of cooperation and antagonism with the public further limit these efforts. Wildlife authorities in Peru are able to confiscate only a fraction of primates traded and mostly intervene in cases of private pet owners rather than traffickers. We estimate that the current rate of illegal trade in primates is comparable to levels of trade prior to the 1973 ban on primates' exportation. The combination of direct observations on primate trade and ethnographic data allows a comprehensive look at primate trade in Peru. We call upon decision makers and international funders to channel their efforts toward "on the ground" actions such as increasing the ability of the authorities to act, giving them "in action" training in law enforcement and establishing strict control measures against corruption. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22516, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic overview of the illegal trade in primates and law enforcement in Peru

Shanee

Mendoza²,

Shanee

2015

American J Primatol

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“…PCR surveys of neotropical primates kept as pets or in zoological collections have detected a high rate of M. tuberculosis in buccal swabs [20], and mycobacterial cultures of gastric lavage have demonstrated similar results [21]. However, reports of MTC-associated disease in neotropical primates are uncommon.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protection from infected individuals may be more difficult or impossible in zoological settings in which animals are free ranging and may come in contact with visitors. These animals may be at greater risk of contracting tuberculosis as indicated by recent surveys conducted in neotropical primates in Brazil [20,21].…”

Section: Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Diseases

Mansfield¹,

Fox

2019

The Common Marmoset in Captivity and Biomedical Research

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“…Mycobacterial diseases are of primary health concern in laboratory nonhuman primates (NHP) and have been constantly monitored and screened in captive NHP colonies. Among mycobacterial diseases, tuberculosis is regarded as the most serious risk to nonhuman primate colonies and human handlers that was mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) [ 1 – 3 ]. Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM), also called “atypical” mycobacteria, demonstrated a greater incidence of natural infections than that of MTBC [ 4 – 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Immune Responses during ExperimentalMycobacterium kansasiiInfection of Cynomolgus Monkeys(Macaca fascicularis)

Min

Luo

et al. 2018

Mediators of Inflammation

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To profile the dynamic changes of immune responses for M. kansasii infection, 3 cynomolgus monkeys were experimentally infected with M. kansasii by intratracheal inhalation of 1 × 106 CFU bacteria per monkey. Every 2 to 4 weeks, tuberculin skin testings (TSTs) were performed and blood samples were collected for immunoassay. Multiple cytokines in a single sample were measured by Luminex xMAP technologies. IgM and IgA were detected by double-antibody sandwich ELISA. IgG against PPD and 11 M. tuberculosis proteins were detected by using of indirect ELISA. At week 16, all animals were euthanized for necropsy and histological analysis. Positivities of TSTs emerged from week 2 to 6 postinfection. Leukocyte counts and T lymphocyte subsets experienced moderate increases. Among 44 kinds of cytokines, 36 kinds of them showed increases of different dynamic types and 8 kinds of them showed no specific changes. Total IgM and IgA showed a transient increase at an early infection stage. Positivities of M. tuberculosis specific IgM and IgA emerged as early as week 2 postinfection. All animals showed positive IgG against PPD and negative IgG responses to 38 kDa, MPT64L, TB16.3, 16 kDa, U1, and MTB81 antigens during the infection period. IgG against ESAT-6, CFP10, CFP10-ESAT-6, Ag85b, and 14 kDa antigens reached positive levels. The IgG avidities of PPD, ESAT-6, CFP10-ESAT-6, and Ag85b were all above 50 percent. In conclusion, the data indicate that M. kansasii infection in monkeys can induce positivities of TSTs, increases of multiple cytokines, and cross-reactive antibody responses to M. tuberculosis antigens.

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Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in New World Monkeys in Peru

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

Diagnostic overview of the illegal trade in primates and law enforcement in Peru

Diagnostic overview of the illegal trade in primates and law enforcement in Peru

Bacterial Diseases

Dynamics of Immune Responses during ExperimentalMycobacterium kansasiiInfection of Cynomolgus Monkeys(Macaca fascicularis)

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