Detection of mutagens in the urine of rats following topical application of hair dyes

Ammenheuser, Marinel M.; Warren, M. E.

doi:10.1016/0165-1218(79)90084-3

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…(49) Five mg of 4NOPD and 0.5 ml of a permanent hair dye containing 4NOPD (0.5 mg) were injected intraperitoneally into rats. (49) Five mg of 4NOPD and 0.5 ml of a permanent hair dye containing 4NOPD (0.5 mg) were injected intraperitoneally into rats.…”

Section: Absorption D 1 Strl But10 N Metabolism a N D Excretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(91)(92)(93)(94)(95) suggested that filter paper discs impregnated with 4NOPD be used in a scheme to confirm the phenotype of the standard set o f 5 typhimurium tester strains. (49) The urine of 30 women was evaluated for mutagenic activity. Several hair dyes containing 2NPPD and 4NOPD were mutagenic in the Ames test for S. typhirnurium strains TA1538 and TA98 with and without metabolic activation and negative for strain TA1535 with and without metabolic acti-Mutagenic activity using S. typhimurium strain TAI 538 was detected in the urine of rats after the intraperitoneal injection of 4NOPD or a complete dye formulatiori containing 4NOPD and after the topical application of 4NOPD or two commercial, oxidative-type hair dyes containing 2NPPD and 4NOPD.…”

Section: Short-term Predictive Tests For Mutagens and Carcinogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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5 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 2-Nitro-p-Phenylenediamine and 4-Nitro-o-Phenylenediamine

1985

Journal of the American College of Toxicology

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Animal data o n 2 N P P D and 4 N O P D and cosmetic hair dyes containing these ingredients suggest that both compounds were nonirritating t o rabbit skin and eyes, but were sensitizers o n guinea pig skin. The results of repeated insult patch tests with hair dye products containing these ingredients indicated that neither was an irritant or a sensitizer t o human subjects as normally used. In the absence of human data o n the pure compounds, however, 2 N P P D and 4 N O P D are considered t o be potential human sensitizers.Topically applied 2 N P P D and 4 N O P D are absorbed by experimental animals. Neither embryotoxicity nor teratogenicity was observed in animal studies when hair dyes containing 2 N P P D and 4 N O P D were applied t o the skin. Both ingredients were mutagenic in some bacterial and in vitro mammalian systems; both compounds had some genotoxic activity. In feeding studies in mice and rats, only 2 N P P D induced hepatocellular tumors in female mice. Both compounds were noncarcinogenic in male mice and in rats of either sex. Epidemiological data have not demonstrated a carcinogenic effect in man for hair dyes.For those persons not sensitized, it i s concluded that 2 N P P D and 4 N O P D are safe as hair dye ingredients at the current concentration of use.

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Section: Absorption D 1 Strl But10 N Metabolism a N D Excretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Short-term Predictive Tests For Mutagens and Carcinogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

5 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 2-Nitro-p-Phenylenediamine and 4-Nitro-o-Phenylenediamine

1985

Journal of the American College of Toxicology

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“…Fur-thermore, a rodent liver microsomal activation system can be used. In such assays, mutagenicity is revealed in the urine of rodents after the administration of benzidine [41], 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine [42], acrylonitrile [43], and some related dyestuffs [MI. The urine of smokers has been shown to cause an increase in the revertant frequency of the frame-shift mutagen-sensitive strains of Salmonella typhirnurium bacteria [21,36,39,45,46].…”

Section: Mutagenicity In the Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Biologic monitoring of exposure to chemical mutagens in the occupational environment

Sorsa

Hemminki

Vainio

1982

Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen.

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Occupational exposure to chemical mutagens can be monitored by measuring the chemical interaction that occurs between the exposing agent and biologic macro-molecules. Such interaction is detectable in the body fluids as adducts of, e.g., DNA or glutathione. The mutagenic compounds or their metabolites can also be measured from urine samples, by use of bacterial mutagenicity assays. Much basic research is still needed before these methodologies are applicable for routine monitoring. At present, cytogenetic approaches appear to be nearest to routine surveillance in detecting early biologic effects in exposed humans. Studies on structural chromosome aberrations or sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in peripheral blood lymphocytes obviously detect different molecular injuries, and the results from in vivo occupational exposures do not necessarily correlate. Somatic chromosome damage should always be considered a warning sign of potentially adverse effects, and such damage should lead to decreased exposure to the causative agent.

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“…Chemicals in these preparations partition rapidly in the blood and appear intact or as metabolites in the urine within a few hours following exposure. For example, detected traces of hair dyes in dog urine following topical treatment or ingestion, and rats treated topically or intraperitoneally with hair dyes excreted urine that was mutagenic (Ammerheuser & Warren, 1979). Besides being mutagenic, a number of hair dye constituents have also been shown to be carcinogenic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Urinary Mutagenicity as an Indicator of Occupational Exposure in a Cohort of Cosmetologists

Ganesh

Scarlett²,

Lisk³

et al. 1999

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Epidemiological studies suggest a higher risk of hematopoietic disorders including lymphoma among cosmetologists. The etiology of these disorders among cosmetologists is unknown, but beauticians are exposed to a wide variety of chemicals in the workplace. In this study, the urinary mutagenicity of cosmetologists was studied as an indicator of occupational exposure. A microsuspension modification of the Ames assay with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 was used to detect direct-acting mutagens and promutagens in urine. A comparable group of teachers of similar age and gender, and living in the same geographic area was used as the control group. There was no elevated risk for urinary mutagenicity among the cosmetologists after controlling for a number of confounders including smoking. In a multivariate model, smoking regularly or within 24 h of sample collection was found to be positively associated with urinary mutagenicity among both groups. The number of cigarettes smoked daily, age, and length of employment were not associated with urinary mutagenicity. Analysis of urine samples collected successively from each participant showed a fair to good agreement between promutagens in samples, suggesting a fairly constant exposure to promutagens.

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Detection of mutagens in the urine of rats following topical application of hair dyes

Cited by 25 publications

References 17 publications

5 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 2-Nitro-p-Phenylenediamine and 4-Nitro-o-Phenylenediamine

5 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of 2-Nitro-p-Phenylenediamine and 4-Nitro-o-Phenylenediamine

Biologic monitoring of exposure to chemical mutagens in the occupational environment

Urinary Mutagenicity as an Indicator of Occupational Exposure in a Cohort of Cosmetologists

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