Detection of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms in male weightlifters

Abstract

<p>Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a body dismorphic disorder in which the sufferer is dissatisfied with their body size and shape. MD has yet to be studied in weightlifters, and the objective of this research study is to detect its symptoms in 32 male weightlifters as well as any related characteristics and behaviours. This study involved the distribution of a sociodemographic questionnaire in addition to the <em>Escala de Satisfacción Muscular</em>, the<em> </em>Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, with the anthropometric measurements of the participants also being recorded. The results revealed the existence of body dissatisfaction among athletes and, in some cases, muscle perception that does not equate to reality. The athletes also use substances to build their muscles and enhance their performance, display obsessive muscle checking behaviours, and have low general physical self-concept that stems from their muscle (dis)satisfaction. To conclude, this study confirms the existence of MD in this sport.</p>

Muscle Dysmorphia Research Neglects DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria

“…Age range: 16-40 (19.24 ± 2.9) years F's with AN may be vulnerable to stigmatization, especially by M's. AN and MD are perceived as "F" and "M" disorders, in line with societal gender role expectations, and this stigmatization is tied more strongly to perceptions of sufferers' masculinity than femininity Hernández-Martínez et al (2016) Participants, M (n=77). Age range: 18-46 years M's approach MD from two directions, those who see themselves as too thin and want to be more muscular, and those who see themselves as too heavy and want to be more muscular Significant relationships between severity level of negative comment on body and MD symptoms were found.…”

Associations between anthropometry, body composition, and body image in athletes: a systematic review

“…Of the studies examining aspects of negative body image, most assessed general body dissatisfaction, but some investigated dissatisfaction related to specific body parts or areas, like muscle ( Galli et al, 2015 ; de Sousa Fortes et al, 2015a ; Hernández-Martínez et al, 2017 ). For studies using figure rating scales (FRS), the difference between perceived or current body image and ideal body image was used for this review, as the magnitude of the difference is considered a measure of body image dissatisfaction ( Heider et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Height and weight were used to calculate BMI in 25 of 27 studies (92.6%), yet 22 (81.5%) reported relationships between BMI and body image. %BF was evaluated in 11 studies (40.7%); nine (33.3%) used skinfold measurements ( de Sousa Fortes et al, 2013 , 2015a , b , 2020 ; Goltz et al, 2013 ; Mockdece Neves et al, 2016 ; Hernández-Martínez et al, 2017 ; Kagawa et al, 2023 ; Salas-Morillas et al, 2023 ) to estimate %BF, while two (7.4%) utilized DXA ( Eufrásio de Medeiros et al, 2021 ; Remmel et al, 2021 ), and one (3.7%) used dual-frequency BIA (DF-BIA) ( Kagawa et al, 2023 ). A limited number of studies also assessed FFM ( Kagawa et al, 2023 ), lean body mass ( Remmel et al, 2021 ), or fat-free mass index (FFMI) ( Hernández-Martínez et al, 2017 ; Kagawa et al, 2023 ) via DF-BIA, DXA, and skinfold or DF-BIA techniques, respectively.…”

Examination of the association of muscle dysmorphia (bigorexia) and social physique anxiety in the male bodybuilders

“…Generally, body dysmorphic disorder is portrayed as concern for a physical appearance with mild or unobservable defects and repetitive behaviors such as mirror checking (Palazón-Bru et al, 2018). In a study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between physical attractiveness and muscle satisfaction (Hernández-Martínez et al, 2016). When explaining body dysmorphic disorder, the cognitive-behavioral model mentions various factors such as negative evaluation of one's own internal body image, deep reflection on ugliness, and processes in comparison with one's own ideal or processing of the self as an esthetic object (Maier et al, 2019).…”