Detection of messenger RNA for the ?-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin in urinary cells from patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

Hotakainen, Kristina; Lintula, Susanna; Stenman, Jakob; Rintala, Erkki; Lindell, O; Stenman, Ulf‐Hǎkan

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990621)84:3<304::aid-ijc18>3.0.co;2-b

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The primers amplify cDNA from all hCGβ genes. One μg total RNA was used for reverse transcription and PCR was carried out as described earlier 25. Fifteen μl of the PCR product was electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of the free β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic study on tissue and serum

Hotakainen

Ljungberg

Haglund

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Expression of the free ␤-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG␤) in malignant tumors is frequently associated with aggressive disease. We have shown previously that the pretreatment serum concentration of hCG␤ is an independent prognostic variable in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We now compare the serum levels with the expression of hCG␤ antigen and mRNA in tumor tissue and studied whether these are associated with the clinical outcome. Serum samples were collected before surgery from patients with RCC (n ‫؍‬ 256) and from 84 apparently healthy controls. HCG␤ in serum was measured by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Key words: renal cell carcinoma; stage; grade; hCG␤; prognosisRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney and it accounts for approximately 2% of all cancers. RCCs are a heterogenous group of tumors, with a distinct genetic background and biology according to the histological type. Conventional (CRCC) and papillary renal cell carcinomas account for 85-90% of the 4 distinct types of RCCs. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and the unclassified category account for approximately 5% each, and collecting duct carcinoma for Ͻ1%. 1 Clinical stage and nuclear grade are the most important prognostic factors in RCC. 2 The 5-year survival rate in patients with localized disease is 85-95% 3,4 dropping to approximately 45% by 10 years. 5 Relapses can occur even decades after primary diagnosis. Curative treatment is usually possible only by surgery but 30% of the tumors recur even after radical surgery. The outcome is highly variable within a given stage, and the response to therapy cannot be predicted on the basis of stage and grade. 4 Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein, serum calcium concentration and lactate dehydrogenase as well as low hemoglobin concentration are known predictors of adverse outcome and can be used for monitoring of the disease but no specific serum markers are available. 6 -7 Expression of the free ␤-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG␤; occurs in several non-trophoblastic tumors. 8,9 Elevated serum and urine concentrations are frequently observed in advanced bladder cancer 10 and hCG␤ in serum has been found to be of prognostic value also in cancers of the ovary, 11 oral cavity 12 and colon. 13 Tissue expression in bladder cancer is associated with aggressive and therapy resistant disease 14,15 and it has prognostic significance in carcinomas of the prostate and colon. 16,17 We have shown recently that the preoperative serum concentration of hCG␤ is a prognostic indicator in RCC independent of stage and grade. 18 In our present study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of hCG␤ tissue expression in RCC detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The results were compared to the serum concentrations of hCG␤ and with clinicopathological data. MATERIAL AND METHODS PatientsData for this retrospective analysis was collected from 256 patients with RCC from whom pretreatment serum samples...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of the free β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic study on tissue and serum

Hotakainen

Ljungberg

Haglund

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Fifteen μl of the PCR product was electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The identity of the products produced by the nested primers was confirmed by Hae III restriction enzyme digestion and by sequencing the product 25…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sense primers used for a nested RT‐PCR of hCGβ mRNA were chosen from exon 2 of the hCGβ5 gene and the antisense primers from exon 3 25. The primers amplify cDNA from all hCGβ genes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetic N‐Trinitroethyl‐Substituted Mono‐, Di‐, and Triaminotetrazoles

Zhang

Parrish

et al. 2013

Chemistry A European J

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A series of dense energetic N-trinitroethyl-substituted mono-, bis-, and tri-5-aminotetrazoles were obtained by reacting primary amines with in situ generated cyanogen azide, followed by the trinitroethyl functionalization that involves a condensation of a hydroxymethyl intermediate (prepared by a reaction with formaldehyde) with trinitromethane. These compounds were fully characterized by using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and, in one case with 9, with single-crystal XRD analysis. The heats of formation for all compounds were calculated with Gaussian 03 and then combined with experimental densities to determine the detonation pressures (P) and velocities (D(v)) of the energetic materials. Interestingly, most of them exhibited high density, good thermal stability, acceptable oxygen balance, positive heat of formation, low impact sensitivity, and excellent detonation properties, which highlighted their practical application potentials as a fascinating class of highly energetic materials.

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“…However, the free betasubunit is a pan-carcinoma marker indicating aggressive disease in many cancers. In bladder cancer, detection of hCGb mRNA in urinary cells and bladder tissues is stage-and grade-dependent [182] and elevated serum and urine levels are of potentially prognostic significance [183]. However, in order to avoid misleading results, urine determinations of this marker at the protein level must be strictly controlled particularly with respect to storage.…”

Section: Expert Opinionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment outcome monitoring of bladder cancer

Lintula¹,

Hotakainen

2010

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

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In general, the best new markers give higher sensitivity than urinary cytology, but specificity is usually lower. By using new markers, the intervals between follow-up cystoscopies can be increased and the detection of relapse can be improved. But to date no non-invasive biomarker has proven to be sensitive and specific enough available to replace cystoscopy, neither in the diagnosis nor in the follow-up of bladder cancer. However, new marker combinations and algorithms for risk assessment hold promise for the future.

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Detection of messenger RNA for the ?-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin in urinary cells from patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

Cited by 19 publications

References 26 publications

Expression of the free β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic study on tissue and serum

Expression of the free β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic study on tissue and serum

Energetic N‐Trinitroethyl‐Substituted Mono‐, Di‐, and Triaminotetrazoles

Developing biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment outcome monitoring of bladder cancer

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