Detection of Mediterranean Fruit Fly Larvae Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Different Types of Fruit by HS-SPME GC-MS Method

Abstract

Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit, making it hard to detect by visual inspection. In most countries at ports of entry the inspector check a small sample of fruit by visual inspection or by cutting the produce and searching for fungus and pests. This paper will investigate a quick, reliable and sensitive method to determine the presence of fruit flies. Our research focuses on developing the technology for detecting hidden infestations by using the Head Space-Soild Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrocopy (GC-MS) technique. Five different types of fruit were infested with an early stage of Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephidae). We investigated to detect the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC's) between infested and noninfested fruits by using HS-SPME with (GC-MS). The results indicated that for few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit can be seen, especially in the fruits with first instar. However, in case of third instar larvae infested fruits significant differences in the chemicals can be seen as compare to non infested fruits and other instar infestations. These chemicals include ethyl (Z)-2 butenoate, 2-heptanone, anisole, β-cis-ocimene, 1,3,7-nonatriene,4,8-dimethy-,ethyl octyate, isoamyl caproate and 1β,4βh,10βh-guaia-5,11-diene, in apple. Ethyl (Z)-2-butenoate, (+)-2-bornanone, (-)-transisopiperitenol, methyl caprate, caryophyllene and farnesene in orange. Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,2-methylbutul acetate, sabinene, β-myrcene, octanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrocarvone, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol and ethyl laurate in mandarin. Butyl 2-methylbutanoate, terpinen-4-ol, P-menth-8-en-2-one, 155E-,(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester in lemon. Decane, 3-methyl-, p-menth-1,4(8)-diene, 1-undecene and α-cubebene in avocado. Thus, the VOC's method could provide a possible tool for detecting tephritid larvae and this method could be adopted by industries importing and exporting fruit.

Application of Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) for Understanding Biological Changes of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) During Mating Procedures

“…The same group reported a modification of the method to analyze the hydrolysis of benzodiazepines from benzophenones extraction [ 32 ]. DI-SPME has been reported for quantitative analysis of biological samples including plant tissues [ 33 ], pesticides [ 4 , 34 ], milk [ 35 ], pharmaceuticals [ 36 ], wine [ 37 ] and water [ 38 ]. Myung et al [ 39 ] optimized the DI extraction in blood samples for sorption of 1-octanol.…”

“…Biological samples should be unbiased and nonselective [ 3 ]. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been used for rapid sample preparation and provides an efficient method to detect chemicals in detection and separation systems [ 3 , 4 ]. The extraction of samples can be performed using two methods.…”

“…After the sample matrix and SPME coating achieves equilibrium, the extracted SPME is inserted into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for thermal desorption or into a desorption solvent for coupling with liquid chromatography (LC-MS) [ 8 ]. In addition, SPME has been used on environmental samples for the extraction of volatile organic compounds and has been a focus of interest in analytical biology, as well as pharmaceutical and food studies [ 4 ]. Some of the compounds function as species-specific signals, i.e., pheromones that provide intraspecific information [ 9 ].…”

Evaluation of Stable Isotope 13C6-glucose on Volatile Organic Compounds in Different Stages of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Medfly) Ceratitis Capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

“…The techniques applied in this current research (headspace collection of insect volatiles, GC-FID and GC-MS) allowed for the identification of volatiles produces by different stages of Medfly. SPME fibre technique could be used for the qualitative analyses of the fruit fly emanation (Table 1) [18].…”

“…Jacobson et al [16] found sex pheromone of Medfly as a mixture of 15 substances, these were carboxylic acids and other compounds including methyl (E)-6-nonenoate and (E)-6-nonen-1-ol. Based on these studies, we need to develop a precise pest-detection technique, detect tools and management strategies for Medfly and investigation of their evolutionary relationships as well as the characterisation of different stages of Medfly [17][18][19]. The main goal of this research was to provide the qualitative description of volatile profiles at different stages of Medfly and characterize of compounds according to their emission pattern by using stable isotope 13 C 6 -glucose.…”