Detection of &lt;I&gt;Anaplasma phagocytophilum&lt;/I&gt; and &lt;I&gt;Babesia odocoilei&lt;/I&gt; DNA in &lt;I&gt;Ixodes scapularis&lt;/I&gt; (Acari: Ixodidae) Collected in Indiana

Steiner, Fresia E.; Pinger, Robert R.; Vann, Carolyn N.; Abley, Melanie; Sullivan, Bridget E.; Grindle, Nate; Clay, Keith; Fuqua, Clay

doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0437:doapab]2.0.co;2

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Finally, we show that, whereas the structure of communities in both the rodent blood and the fleas is largely independent of host characteristics, both these communities are prone to seasonal variations. These findings are consistent with data on other vector-borne microbes (Philip et al, 1976;Pumpuni et al, 1993;Kirstein et al, 1997;Noda et al, 1997;Roper et al, 1998;Aksoy, 2000;Cox, 2001;Macaluso et al, 2002;Gonzalez-Ceron et al, 2003;Sutherst, 2004;Scarborough et al, 2005;Clay et al, 2006;Steiner et al, 2006;Wielinga et al, 2006;Ostfeld, 2009;Jones et al, 2010;Telfer et al, 2010;Cirimotich et al, 2011;Lalzar et al, 2012). Collectively, they highlight the following candidate factors as affecting the overall abundance of a specific vector-borne microbe: (1) the abundance of microbial endosymbionts of vectors, (2) the abundance of other vector-borne microbes that co-occur in the vector and in the blood of its host and (3) seasonal variation in the host environment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Similarities and seasonal variations in bacterial communities from the blood of rodents and from their flea vectors

et al. 2015

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Vector-borne microbes are subject to the ecological constraints of two distinct microenvironments: that in the arthropod vector and that in the blood of its vertebrate host. Because the structure of bacterial communities in these two microenvironments may substantially affect the abundance of vector-borne microbes, it is important to understand the relationship between bacterial communities in both microenvironments and the determinants that shape them. We used pyrosequencing analyses to compare the structure of bacterial communities in Synosternus cleopatrae fleas and in the blood of their Gerbillus andersoni hosts. We also monitored the interindividual and seasonal variability in these bacterial communities by sampling the same individual wild rodents during the spring and again during the summer. We show that the bacterial communities in each sample type (blood, female flea or male flea) had a similar phylotype composition among host individuals, but exhibited seasonal variability that was not directly associated with host characteristics. The structure of bacterial communities in male fleas and in the blood of their rodent hosts was remarkably similar and was dominated by flea-borne Bartonella and Mycoplasma phylotypes. A lower abundance of flea-borne bacteria and the presence of Wolbachia phylotypes distinguished bacterial communities in female fleas from those in male fleas and in rodent blood. These results suggest that the overall abundance of a certain vector-borne microbe is more likely to be determined by the abundance of endosymbiotic bacteria in the vector, abundance of other vector-borne microbes co-occurring in the vector and in the host blood and by seasonal changes, than by host characteristics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Similarities and seasonal variations in bacterial communities from the blood of rodents and from their flea vectors

et al. 2015

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“…scapularis cycle for A. phagocytophilum. Our Þndings in terms of the proportion of deer carrying positive ticks (and by crude inference the proportion infected) and the prevalence of infection in ticks taken from deer are consistent with studies in the United States (Dugan et al 2006, Steiner et al 2006, despite the likely conservative estimation of tick count per deer based on our sampling methods (i.e., one side examined on carcass and short period for examination).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Harvested White-Tailed Deer as Sentinel Hosts for Early Establishing <I>Ixodes scapularis</I> Populations and Risk From Vector-Borne Zoonoses in Southeastern Canada

et al. 2013

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Due to recent establishment of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, in southeastern Canada, tick-borne zoonoses (Lyme disease, human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis) are of growing concern for public health. Using white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) culled in southwestern Quebec during 2007-2008, we investigated whether hunter-killed deer could act as sentinels for early establishing tick populations and for tick-borne pathogens. Accounting for environmental characteristics of culling sites, and age and sex of deer, we investigated whether their tick infestation levels could identify locations of known tick populations detected in active surveillance, presumed tick populations detected by passive surveillance, or both. We also used spatial cluster analyses to identify spatial patterns of tick infestation and occurrence of tick-borne zoonoses infection in ticks collected from the deer. Adult ticks were found on 15% of the 583 deer examined. Adult male deer had the greatest number (approximately 90%) of adult ticks. Overall, 3, 15, and 0% of the ticks collected were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti, respectively. Our statistical analyses suggest that sex and age of deer, temperature, precipitation, and an index of tick dispersion by migratory birds were significantly associated with tick infestation levels. Cluster analysis identified significant clusters of deer carrying ticks PCR-positive for A. phagocytophilum, and for deer carrying two or more I. scapularis. Our study suggests that hunter-killed deer may be effective as sentinels for emerging areas of tick-borne anaplasmosis. They may have limited use as sentinels for early emerging I. scapularis tick populations and emerging Lyme disease risk.

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“…Detection of A. phagocytophilum. A nested PCR assay using the primer pair ge3aÐ ge10r for the primary reaction and the primer pair ge9fÐ ge2 for the nested reaction targeting a 546-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was performed for nymphs (Steiner et al 2006). The nested reaction used 1 l of the primary reaction as a template.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nested reaction used 1 l of the primary reaction as a template. The cycling conditions were performed according to Steiner et al (2006). All positive PCR products were extracted and sequenced to determine the A. phagocytophilum genotype variants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence ofBorrelia burgdorferiandAnaplasma phagocytophiluminIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs Collected in Managed Red Pine Forests in Wisconsin

Lee¹,

Coyle²,

Johnson³

et al. 2014

J Med Entomol

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Changes in the structure of managed red pine forests in Wisconsin caused by interacting root- and stem-colonizing insects are associated with increased abundance of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, in comparison with nonimpacted stands. However, the frequency and variability of the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in this coniferous forest type across Wisconsin is unknown. Red pine forests were surveyed from 2009 to 2013 to determine the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing I. scapularis nymphs. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed geographical differences in the nymphal infection prevalence (NIP) of these pathogens in red pine forests. In the Kettle Moraine State Forest (KMSF) in southeastern Wisconsin, NIP of B. burgdorferi across all years was 35% (range of 14.5-53.0%). At the Black River State Forest (BRSF) in western Wisconsin, NIP of B. burgdorferi across all years was 26% (range of 10.9-35.5%). Differences in NIP of B. burgdorferi between KMSF and BRSF were statistically significant for 2010 and 2011 and for all years combined (P < 0.05). NIP ofA. phagocytophilum (human agent) averaged 9% (range of 4.6-15.8%) at KMSF and 3% (range of 0-6.4%) at BRSF, and was significantly different between the sites for all years combined (P < 0.05). Differences in coinfection of B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum were not statistically significant between KMSF and BRSF, with an average of 3.4% (range of 1.7-10.5%) and 2.5% (range of 0-5.5%), respectively. In 2013, the density of infected nymphs in KMSF and BRSF was 14 and 30 per 1000m2, respectively, among the highest ever recorded for the state. Differences in the density of nymphs and NIP among sites were neither correlated with environmental factors nor time since tick colonization. These results document significant unexplained variation in tick-borne pathogens between coniferous forests in Wisconsin that warrants further study.

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Detection of <I>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</I> and <I>Babesia odocoilei</I> DNA in <I>Ixodes scapularis</I> (Acari: Ixodidae) Collected in Indiana

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Similarities and seasonal variations in bacterial communities from the blood of rodents and from their flea vectors

Similarities and seasonal variations in bacterial communities from the blood of rodents and from their flea vectors

Harvested White-Tailed Deer as Sentinel Hosts for Early Establishing <I>Ixodes scapularis</I> Populations and Risk From Vector-Borne Zoonoses in Southeastern Canada

Prevalence ofBorrelia burgdorferiandAnaplasma phagocytophiluminIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs Collected in Managed Red Pine Forests in Wisconsin

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