Detection of influenza A(H3N2) clade 3C.2a viruses in patients with suspected mumps in British Columbia, Canada, during the 2014/15 influenza season

Chambers, Catharine; Skowronski, Danuta M.; Sabaiduc, Suzana; Murti, Michelle; Gustafson, Réka; Pollock, Sue; Hoyano, Dee; Allison, Sandra; Krajden, Mel

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.36.30015

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…While 2 of these investigations [25, 26] restricted their laboratory investigation to influenza viruses, a survey in the United Kingdom tested children for a broad panel of respiratory viruses, identifying influenza A(H3N2) virus in 16 (15%) samples and respiratory syncytial virus A with codetection of influenza A/H3 in 1 sample [26]. Similarly, we found an increased occurrence of influenza A(H3N2) virus–associated parotitis in this cohort, which might be an artifact of enhanced surveillance and case-finding efforts or a reflection of the dominance of influenza A(H3N2) virus in North America and Europe during the 2014–2015 season [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-mumps Viral Parotitis During the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in the United States

Elbadawi

Talley

Rolfes

et al. 2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Background. During the 2014–2015 US influenza season, 320 cases of non-mumps parotitis (NMP) among residents of 21 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We conducted an epidemiologic and laboratory investigation to determine viral etiologies and clinical features of NMP during this unusually large occurrence. Methods. NMP was defined as acute parotitis or other salivary gland swelling of >2 days duration in a person with a mumps- negative laboratory result. Using a standardized questionnaire, we collected demographic and clinical information. Buccal samples were tested at the CDC for selected viruses, including mumps, influenza, human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) 1–4, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2, and human herpes viruses (HHVs) 6A and 6B. Results. Among the 320 patients, 65% were male, median age was 14.5 years (range, 0–90), and 67% reported unilateral parotitis. Commonly reported symptoms included sore throat (55%) and fever (48%). Viruses were detected in 210 (71%) of 294 NMP patients with adequate samples for testing, ≥2 viruses were detected in 37 samples, and 248 total virus detections were made among all samples. These included 156 influenza A(H3N2), 42 HHV6B, 32 EBV, 8 HPIV2, 2 HPIV3, 3 adenovirus, 4 HSV-1, and 1 HSV-2. Influenza A(H3N2), HHV6B, and EBV were the most frequently codetected viruses. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that, in addition to mumps, clinicians should consider respiratory viral (influenza) and herpes viral etiologies for parotitis, particularly among patients without epidemiologic links to mumps cases or outbreaks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-mumps Viral Parotitis During the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in the United States

Elbadawi

Talley

Rolfes

et al. 2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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“…In addition to the cases reported to the CDC, cases of influenza-associated parotitis were also reported in Canada, England, Scotland, and separately in Pennsylvania during the 2014–2015 influenza season [24–27]. Combined with our report, 99% (258/261) of all patients with influenza-associated parotitis reported during the 2014–2015 influenza season had influenza A virus infections and 95% (246/258) were infected with A(H3N2) viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are not aware of anatomical differences in male and female parotid glands that could account for this association [28], and male predominance among patients with mumps parotitis, to our knowledge, has not been described [29–31]. The recent report from British Columbia, Canada, noted 88% (14/16) of cases were males [24]. Additionally, we found an association between a history of prior mumps infection and influenza-associated parotitis, mainly among adults; the etiology and clinical relevance of this finding is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza-Associated Parotitis During the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in the United States

Rolfes

Millman

Talley

et al. 2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Influenza-associated parotitis, as reported here and in prior sporadic case reports, seems to occur primarily with influenza A(H3N2) virus infection. Because of the different clinical and infection control considerations for mumps and influenza virus infections, we recommend clinicians consider influenza in the differential diagnoses among patients with acute parotitis during the influenza season.

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“…Such a library was built to reflect all known genetic variations within each region. Notably, the library contained a large number of reference sequences, which is a reflection of the high genetic variability of HA due to natural evolution and to artifacts of virus culturing (19,31). The result of the IdentiFire software was only accepted if the homology with the reference sequence was 100%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pyrosequencing-Based Approach to High-Throughput Identification of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Clades Harboring Antigenic Drift Variants

et al. 2017

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The rapid evolution of influenza A(H3N2) viruses necessitates close monitoring of their antigenic properties so the emergence and spread of antigenic drift variants can be rapidly identified. Changes in hemagglutinin (HA) acquired by contemporary A(H3N2) viruses hinder antigenic characterization by traditional methods, thus complicating vaccine strain selection. Sequence-based approaches have been used to infer virus antigenicity; however, they are time consuming and midthroughput. To facilitate virological surveillance and epidemiological studies, we developed and validated a pyrosequencing approach that enables identification of six HA clades of contemporary A(H3N2) viruses. The identification scheme of viruses of the H3 clades 3C.2, 3C.2a, 3C.2b, 3C.3, 3C.3a, and 3C.3b is based on the interrogation of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three neighboring HA regions, namely 412 to 431, 465 to 481, and 559 to 571. Two bioinformatics tools, IdentiFire (Qiagen) and FireComb (developed in-house), were utilized to expedite pyrosequencing data analysis. The assay's analytical sensitivity was 10 focus forming units, and respiratory specimens with threshold cycle (C T ) values of Ͻ34 typically produced good quality pyrograms. When applied to 120 A(H3N2) virus isolates and 27 respiratory specimens, the assay displayed 100% agreement with clades determined by HA sequencing coupled with phylogenetics. The multi-SNP analysis described here was readily adopted by another laboratory with pyrosequencing capabilities. The implementation of this approach enhanced the findings from virological surveillance and epidemiological studies between 2013 and 2016, which examined more than 3,000 A(H3N2) viruses.KEYWORDS A(H3N2), genotyping, influenza, pyrosequencing S ince their introduction into the human population in 1968, influenza A(H3N2) viruses have been responsible for seasonal epidemics and associated with both a prolonged duration of the epidemic season and a greater disease severity (1-4). The hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is the major surface antigen of influenza viruses; it is also responsible for the receptor binding and membrane fusion required for entrance into susceptible host cells (5). Decades ago, this glycoprotein was named "hemagglutinin" for its ability to bind and bridge erythrocytes. The other surface antigen, neuraminidase (NA), is a receptor-destroying enzyme (6). As with other seasonal influenza viruses, A(H3N2) viruses undergo genetic and antigenic changes, called antigenic drift,

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Detection of influenza A(H3N2) clade 3C.2a viruses in patients with suspected mumps in British Columbia, Canada, during the 2014/15 influenza season

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Non-mumps Viral Parotitis During the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in the United States

Non-mumps Viral Parotitis During the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in the United States

Influenza-Associated Parotitis During the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in the United States

A Pyrosequencing-Based Approach to High-Throughput Identification of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Clades Harboring Antigenic Drift Variants

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