Detection of Infectious Parasites in Reclaimed Water

Abstract

The presence of infectious protozoan pathogens in reclaimed water may present an unacceptable health risk. This study was designed similar to a study reported by Garcia et al. (2002), which detected no infectious Giardia cysts in the final effluent of a tertiary treatment facility as determined by animal infectivity (dose 1000 cysts/gerbil). This study also included evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst infectivity. Infectious Giardia cysts were detected in the final effluent with 1 gerbil out of 3 inoculated with 250 cysts from reclaimed water showing signs of infection 15 days postinoculation. None of the Cryptosporidium oocysts concentrated from the reclaimed water samples appeared to be infectious. Water Environ. Res., 78, 2297Res., 78, (2006.

Total and infectious Cryptosporidium oocyst and total Giardia cyst concentrations from distinct agricultural and urban contamination sources in Eastern Canada

“…Combined data from both WWTP revealed that 47% of influent and 56% of effluent samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. Our data are consistent with previously published concentrations in raw sewage influents (Robertson et al 2000;Lemarchand & Lebaron 2003;Montemayor et al 2005;McCuin & Clancy 2006) and WWTP effluents (States et al 1997;Charles et al 2003;Montemayor et al 2005;Huffman et al 2006;McCuin & Clancy 2006). As raw sewage is a more complex matrix and more difficult to purify than treated wastewater, higher prevalence in treated wastewater have been reported (Rose et al 2004).…”

“…Giardia concentrations varied from BDL to 9,010 cysts L~^ for raw sewage, and from BDL to 472 cysts L"î n WWTP effluents (Figure 3), which fall within published ranges of concentrations for raw sewage (Payment 2003;Bertrand & Schwartzbrod 2007) and effluents (Payment 2003;Huffman et al 2006). Samples positive for both parasites ranged from 61 to 95%.…”

Genotoxic potential of organic extracts from municipal reclaimed water in Tianjin, China

“…The debate is complicated by the fact that re-use scenarios vary substantially. Various investigators showed that re-used treatment plant water exerted adverse human health consequences (Asano and Cotruvo 2004;Hamilton et al 2006;Huffman et al 2006;Ryu et al 2007). In China, Pi et al (2004) reported on the genotoxicological potential of reclaimed water.…”

Sustainability Assessment for Indirect Potable Reuse: A Case Study from Reno, Nevada

“…However, pathogen removal efficiency during treatment was likely to be the largest source of uncertainty (NRC, 2012). Pathogen density in advanced-treated water was calculated by identifying pathogen densities reported in the literature for primary effluent (Huffman et al, 2006;Tchobanoglous et al, 2015) and applying the regulated pathogen log-removals (12-log removal of virus and 10-log removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia). These pathogens have been widely studied due to their importance in waterborne illness, and all have reported dose-response relationships (Haas et al, 1999;Hunter et al, 2011) that identify the probability of infection as proportionate to the mean pathogen dose.…”