Detection of Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 Virus in Discarded Syringes of Intravenous Drug Users

Zamora, Ascensión Bernal; Rivera, Maximiliano; Garcı́a-Algar, Óscar; Caylà, Joan A.; Combelles, O. Vall; García-Sáiz, Alfredo

doi:10.1097/00006454-199807000-00018

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…To estimate the potential risk of transmission from the discarded needles, the prevalence of injection drug use and HIV in the community where the incident took place should be considered [16]. However, HIV acquisition after exposure to dried blood found on syringes was not observed [17]. Only a few studies of pediatric patients after needlestick were published up to date.…”

Section: Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Vertical Exposures to HIV, HBV and HCV Infection in Children and Adolescents—Risk of Infection, Standards of Care and Postexposure Prophylaxis

2021

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Introduction: in the review, we aimed to present current knowledge about the risk of infection, standards of care, and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in pediatric patients after non-vertical exposures to HIV, HBV, and HCV infection. Materials and Methods: the latest available literature and recommendations of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), European recommendations for the management of HIV and administration of non-occupational PEP, and Polish AIDS Society were reviewed. Results: the majority of cases of non-vertical exposure to blood-borne viruses in the pediatric population consist of sexual exposition and injection with unsterilized sharp objects (usually needlestick injuries). The risk HIV, HBV, and HCV transmission depend on several factors, and each exposure should be evaluated individually with consideration of the patient’s medical history. It is crucial to start antiretroviral therapy within 48 h from exposure. Treatment is continued for 28 days, and a 3-drugs regiment is recommended in the majority of cases. Decisions on hepatitis B and tetanus PEP are based on a history of vaccination. There is no PEP for hepatitis C infection, follow-up testing aims for early identification of disease and consideration of treatment options. Conclusion: all children after the non-vertical exposure to HIV, HBV, and HCV infection should be evaluated by the Infectious Disease specialist as soon as possible after the incident and qualified to post-exposure prophylaxis. Systematic diagnostic and follow-up on children after significant needlestick exposure should be maintained. Children after sexual exposure need a multidisciplinary approach. Response to reported event must be rapid and treatment must be comprehensive.

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Section: Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Vertical Exposures to HIV, HBV and HCV Infection in Children and Adolescents—Risk of Infection, Standards of Care and Postexposure Prophylaxis

2021

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“…However, survival of HIV for up to 42 days in syringes inoculated with the virus has been demonstrated, with duration of survival dependant on ambient temperature (28). One study (29) found no traces of HIV proviral DNA in syringes discarded by intravenous drug users, while another study (30) found HIV DNA in visibly contaminated needles and syringes from shooting galleries.…”

Section: Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Needle stick injuries in the community

Moore

2018

Paediatrics &Amp; Child Health

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“…13 HIV survival may be less likely outside the laboratory, and HIV proviral DNA could not be found in 28 syringes discarded in public places and 10 syringes from a needle exchange program for injection drug users. 14 Two small studies have found no evidence of HIV transmission after injuries from needles of discarded syringes. 15,16 There have been no confirmed reports of HIV acquisition from percutaneous injury by a needle found in the community (M.G.…”

Section: Viability Of Virus In Source Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postexposure Prophylaxis in Children and Adolescents for Nonoccupational Exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Havens¹

2003

Pediatrics

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Exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can occur in a number of situations unique to, or more common among, children and adolescents. Guidelines for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational and nonoccupational (eg, sexual, needle-sharing) exposures to HIV have been published by the US Public Health Service, but they do not directly address nonoccupational HIV exposures unique to children (such as accidental exposure to human milk from a woman infected with HIV or a puncture wound from a discarded needle on a playground), and they do not provide antiretroviral drug information relevant to PEP in children. This clinical report reviews issues of potential exposure of children and adolescents to HIV and gives recommendations for PEP in those situations. The risk of HIV transmission from nonoccupational, nonperinatal exposure is generally low. Transmission risk is modified by factors related to the source and extent of exposure. Determination of the HIV infection status of the exposure source may not be possible, and data on transmission risk by exposure type may not exist. Except in the setting of perinatal transmission, no studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of postexposure use of antiretroviral drugs for the prevention of HIV transmission in nonoccupational settings. Antiretroviral therapy used for PEP is associated with significant toxicity. The decision to initiate prophylaxis needs to be made in consultation with the patient, the family, and a clinician with experience in treatment of persons with HIV infection. If instituted, therapy should be started as soon as possible after an exposure-no later than 72 hours-and continued for 28 days. Many clinicians would use 3 drugs for PEP regimens, although 2 drugs may be considered in certain circumstances. Instruction for avoiding secondary transmission should be given. Careful follow-up is needed for psychologic support, encouragement of medication adherence, toxicity monitoring, and serial HIV antibody testing.

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Detection of Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 Virus in Discarded Syringes of Intravenous Drug Users

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Non-Vertical Exposures to HIV, HBV and HCV Infection in Children and Adolescents—Risk of Infection, Standards of Care and Postexposure Prophylaxis

Non-Vertical Exposures to HIV, HBV and HCV Infection in Children and Adolescents—Risk of Infection, Standards of Care and Postexposure Prophylaxis

Needle stick injuries in the community

Postexposure Prophylaxis in Children and Adolescents for Nonoccupational Exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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