Detection of<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>in the milk of naturally infected goats in the Northeast of Brazil

Bezerra, Mauro José Gonçalves; Kim, P. C. P.; Moraes, Érica Paes Barreto Xavier de; Sá, Sílvio Gomes de; Albuquerque, Pedro Paulo Feitosa de; Silva, José Givanildo da; Alves, Bruno H.L.S.; Mota, Rinaldo Aparecido

doi:10.1111/tbed.12160

Cited by 43 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The PCR results in the present study are much higher than recently reported in Poland (3%) by Cisak et al (2017). A lower percentage (6%) was obtained in Brazil (Bezerra et al 2015) and Italy (13%) (Mancianti et al 2013). A relatively high prevalence (33%) was recorded by Spišák et al (2010) in Slovakia.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats from the south-west region of Poland and the detection of T. gondii DNA in goat milk

Sroka¹,

Kusyk²,

Bilska–Zając³

et al. 2017

FOLIA PARASIT

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Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite prevalent in animals and humans worldwide having medical and veterinary importance on account of causing abortion or congenital disease in intermediate hosts, including man. Since T. gondii has already been identified in the milk of goats, Capra aegagrus hircus (Linnaeus), the possibility of acquiring infection by ingesting unpasteurised goat milk should be taken into consideration. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the presence of T. gondii DNA in goat milk. First, 73 goats (females) from 36 farms located in Poland were examined serologically by direct agglutination test (DAT) to estimate the T. gondii serological status. Milk samples from 60 selected lactating females were examined for the presence of T. gondii DNA by Real time PCR and nested PCR (B1 gene). To estimate the clonal type of detected T. gondii, multiplex PCR was performed using 6 markers. In DAT, positive results were found in 70% of 73 goats. Among examined 60 milk samples, 65% were positive in Real time PCR and 43% in nested PCR. It is noteworthy that 11 samples positive in PCR were collected from seronegative goats. The multilocus PCR analysis mostly revealed the occurrence of genotype III, which is relatively rare in Europe. The recorded high prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in tested goats (70%), associated with a high prevalence of T. gondii DNA in goat milk samples (65%), indicates a potential risk of the parasite transmission through goat milk ingestion.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats from the south-west region of Poland and the detection of T. gondii DNA in goat milk

Sroka¹,

Kusyk²,

Bilska–Zając³

et al. 2017

FOLIA PARASIT

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“…Transmission by food may occur with the ingestion of sporulated oocysts present in vegetables or water and/or tissue cysts present in raw or undercooked meat. The transmission of T. gondii with raw milk has been reported and several studies demonstrated the presence of the parasite’s DNA in sheep milk (Bezerra et al , 2015; de Santana Rocha et al , 2015; Luptakova et al , 2015). In Italy, the consumption of sheep milk (397.510 ton in 2015) is second only to the consumption of cow milk (11.161.224 ton in 2015) (www.istat.it).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii and pre-treatment protocols for polymerase chain reaction analysis of milk samples: a field trial in sheep from Southern Italy

et al. 2017

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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Ingestion of raw milk has been suggested as a risk for transmission to humans. Here the authors evaluated pre-treatment protocols for DNA extraction on T. gondii tachyzoite-spiked sheep milk with the aim of identifying the method that resulted in the most rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity. This protocol was then used to analyse milk samples from sheep of three different farms in Southern Italy, including real time PCR for DNA quantification and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for genotyping. The pre-treatment protocol using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and Tris-HCl to remove casein gave the best results in the least amount of time compared to the others on spiked milk samples. One sample of 21 collected from sheep farms was positive on one-step PCR, real time PCR and resulted in a Type I genotype at one locus (SAG3). Milk usually contains a low number of tachyzoites and this could be a limiting factor for molecular identification. Our preliminary data has evaluated a rapid, cost-effective and sensitive protocol to treat milk before DNA extraction. The results of the present study also confirm the possibility of T. gondii transmission through consumption of raw milk and its unpasteurised derivatives.

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“…In the light of the importance of products of goat origin as a human food source, contamination of such products by the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii when they are inadequately prepared can lead to public health problems in the form of toxoplasmosis. This infection is often neglected in developing countries, thus resulting in reproductive and economic losses among herds, particularly in rural and semi-rural areas (CAVALCANTE et al, 2008;BEZERRA et al, 2013). This is the second study to investigate toxoplasmosis among goats in the state of Rio Grande do Norte.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Goats' ability to eliminate T. gondii through their milk and the persistence of tissue cysts in goats (DUBEY, 1980) demonstrate the significance of this species in transmitting toxoplasmosis to humans (SACKS et al, 1982). Thus, when improperly prepared, the infected meat and milk of these animals is one of the most important potential sources of human toxoplasmosis (TENTER et al, 2000;CLEMENTINO et al, 2009;SANTOS et al, 2012;BEZERRA et al, 2013). Considering the high number of goat herds in northeastern Brazil and the economic losses caused by this parasite, the aims of this study were to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii among goats, along with the associated risk factors, and to identify recent and/or chronic infection by T. gondii in the Sertão do Cabugi region, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in meat and dairy goat herds in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Medeiros

Andrade

Vitor

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which is the main causative agent of abortion in small ruminants. Goats are among the animals that are most susceptible to this protozoon, and the disease that it causes leads to significant economic losses and has implications for public health, since presence of the parasite in products of goat origin is one of the main sources of human infection. Because of the significant economic impact, there is an urgent need to study the prevalence of T. gondii infection among goats in Sertão do Cabugi, which is the largest goat-producing region in Rio Grande do Norte. In the present study, the ELISA assay was used to test 244 serum samples from nine farms, located in four different municipalities in the Sertão do Cabugi region, which is an important goat-rearing region. The results showed that the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 47.1% and that there was a significant association between positivity and the variables of age (≥ 34 months), location (Lajes, Angicos and Afonso Bezerra) and farm (all the farms). The avidity test was applied to all the 115 ELISA-positive samples to distinguish between acute and chronic infection. One hundred and three samples (89.6%) displayed high-avidity antibodies, thus indicating that most of the animals presented chronic infection, with a consequent great impact on the development of the goat production system and a risk to human health.Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii infection, goats, avidity ELISA, anti-T. gondii antibodies, risk factors. ResumoA toxoplasmose é causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, principal agente causador de aborto em pequenos ruminantes. Os caprinos são uns dos animais mais suscetíveis a esse protozoário, levando a perdas econômicas significativas e implicações para a saúde pública, uma vez que a presença do parasito em produtos de origem caprina é uma das principais fontes de infecção humana. Devido ao impacto econômico significativo torna-se urgente estudar a prevalência da infecção, pelo T. gondii, entre caprinos do Sertão do Cabugi, a maior região produtora de caprinos no Rio Grande do Norte. O presente estudo utilizou o ELISA para testar 244 amostras de soro de 9 fazendas, situadas em 4 diferentes cidades na região do Sertão do Cabugi; uma importante região de criação de cabras. Os resultados mostraram uma prevalência de 47,1% para anticorpos anti-T. gondii e uma significativa associação entre a positividade e as variáveis idade (≥ 34 meses), localização (Lajes, Angicos e Afonso Bezerra e propriedade (todas as fazendas). O teste de avidez foi aplicado a todas as 115 amostras positivas pelo ELISA para discriminar entre infecção aguda e crônica. Cento e três amostras (89,6%) apresentaram anticorpos de alta avidez; indicando que a maioria dos animais estavam em infecção crônica, gerando um grande impacto sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema de produção em cabras e um risco para a saúde humana.Palavras-chave: Infecção por Toxoplasma gondii, caprinos, ELISA de avidez, anticorpos anti-T.gondii, fatores de risco.

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Detection ofToxoplasma gondiiin the milk of naturally infected goats in the Northeast of Brazil

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats from the south-west region of Poland and the detection of T. gondii DNA in goat milk

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats from the south-west region of Poland and the detection of T. gondii DNA in goat milk

Toxoplasma gondii and pre-treatment protocols for polymerase chain reaction analysis of milk samples: a field trial in sheep from Southern Italy

Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in meat and dairy goat herds in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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