Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in infertile Bulgarian men with multiplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction

Ouzounova-Raykova, V.; Rangelov, Simeon; Ouzounova, I.; Mitov, Ivan

doi:10.1111/apm.12391

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…However, UU, CT, and MG are difficult to be diagnosed by routine microscopic examination of vaginal or cervical secretions. Mycoplasma and chlamydia are also difficult to be identified by microbial culture due to their slow growth and high nutrient requirements [ 15 , 16 ]. In particular, the culture of MG in clinical specimens is more difficult to succeed [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among obstetrics and gynecological outpatients in southwest China: a retrospective study

et al. 2022

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Background The aim of this study was to analyze the present situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections among obstetrics and gynecological outpatients in southwest China. Methods A total of 3225 urogenital swabs were included in this study. All swabs were tested by RNA-based simultaneous amplification and testing (SAT) methods. Routine analysis of leucorrhea smear and drug susceptibility were performed in UU positive patients. Results Of these 3225 outpatients, the positive rate was 27.07% for UU, 4.99% for CT, 3.10% for MG, and 0.09% for NG. UU, CT, and MG infections were more common in women of reproductive age (aged 25–34 years), while NG infection was more prominent in women aged 30–34 years and over 40 years. Overall, the infection rate of UU was significantly higher than that of the other three infections, and UU also played a major role even in the mixed infections. 65.07% of the UU positive patients had negative results on routine leucorrhea smear analysis, and the remaining patients may have bacterial vaginitis (15.79%), fungal vaginitis (11.48%), trichomonas vaginitis (0.96%) or other vaginal inflammation (6.70%). We have observed that maternal UU infection can lead to low birth weight, neonatal pneumonia, and premature delivery. The results of the drug susceptibility test of UU showed a higher sensitivity to pristinamycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, clarithromycin, and josamycin (100%, 97.0%, 96.4%, 95.9%, and 95.3%, respectively), and lower sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (2.4% and 4.7% respectively). Conclusions This study could contribute to a better understanding of the current epidemiological features of UU, CT, MG, and NG among obstetrics and gynecological outpatients in southwest China, and thus facilitate to development of the more effective intervention, prevention, and treatment of reproductive tract infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among obstetrics and gynecological outpatients in southwest China: a retrospective study

et al. 2022

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“…Male infertility is mostly caused by STDs; a high titre of seropositive Chlamydia antibodies, which is a marker of severe infection, has been found to be associated with male infertility [ 70 ]. There was a significant increase in the number of Chlamydia -, Mycoplasma hominis -, and Ureaplasma urealyticum -positive PCR results in infertile men as compared with fertile men, demonstrating that there is a strong link between STD infection and infertility [ 71 ]. When spermatozoa were incubated with lipopolysaccharides isolated from Chlamydia , the results showed that the spermatozoa died completely and that their motility had decreased [ 72 ].…”

Section: Causes Of Inflammation In Male Reproductive Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress, Testicular Inflammatory Pathways, and Male Reproduction

Dutta

Sengupta

Sláma

et al. 2021

IJMS

146

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Inflammation is among the core causatives of male infertility. Despite male infertility being a serious global issue, “bits and pieces” of its complex etiopathology still remain missing. During inflammation, levels of proinflammatory mediators in the male reproductive tract are greater than usual. According to epidemiological research, in numerous cases of male infertility, patients suffer from acute or chronic inflammation of the genitourinary tract which typically occurs without symptoms. Inflammatory responses in the male genital system are inextricably linked to oxidative stress (OS). OS is detrimental to male fertility parameters as it causes oxidative damage to reproductive cells and intracellular components. Multifarious male infertility causative factors pave the way for impairing male reproductive functions via the common mechanisms of OS and inflammation, both of which are interlinked pathophysiological processes, and the occurrence of any one of them induces the other. Both processes may be simultaneously found in the pathogenesis of male infertility. Thus, the present article aims to explain the role of inflammation and OS in male infertility in detail, as well as to show the mechanistic pathways that link causative factors of male reproductive tract inflammation, OS induction, and oxidant-sensitive cellular cascades leading to male infertility.

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“…Semen Sperm concentration, motility and morphology were significantly reduced in CT patients; strong correlation between mucosal anti– CT IgA and sperm concentration, sperm motility, and normal morphology Case-control [ 61 ] 60 IM, 40 healthy controls. Urethral swabs from IM No significant difference in CT prevalence between IM & FM Case-control [ 62 ] 281 IM; 100 fertile controls. Semen PCR detected CT in 13.9% of IM vs 2% of FM Case-control [ 63 ] 135 IM, 88 FM Blood, semen, urethral smears No significant difference in CT prevalence between IM & FM Cross-sectional [ 64 ] 29 subjects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Semen, Urine NG found in 6.5% of IM, 0 in FM ( p < 0.05) Case-control ( UU, MH ) [ 56 ] 621 IM; 615 FM Semen No significant difference in UU, MH prevalence between IM & FM; UU was related, in infected compared with uninfected men, to lower mean sperm concentration and lower vitality; No significant difference in semen parameters between MH +ve and -ve patients. Cross-Sectional ( MG, UU, NG ) [ 58 ] 2607 infertile men Semen, Urine DFI was significantly higher in UU and MG infected men compared to non-infected; No significant difference in other semen; No significant difference in all semen parameters between NG infected and not-infected groups Case-control ( MH, UU) [ 62 ] 281 IM; 100 fertile controls. Semen PCR detected UU & MH in 19.2% vs 11% & 9.9% vs 3% in IM vs FM, respectively Case-control ( MH, UU) [ 63 ] 135 IM, 88 FM Blood, semen, urethral smears Significant difference in prevalence of MH between FM and IM; No difference in prevalence if considering UU alone Cross-sectional ( UU, UP, MH, MG, NG ) [ 73 ] 195 infertile men.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are sexually transmitted infections associated with male infertility? A systematic review and in-depth evaluation of the evidence and mechanisms of action of 11 pathogens

Khalafalla

Ansari

Sengupta

et al. 2023

Arab Journal of Urology

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Purpose To systematically review the evidence on the association between sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and male infertility. We sought to answer two questions: Are STIs significantly associated with detrimental changes in semen parameters?; and, is the prevalence of STIs significantly higher in infertile than fertile men? Materials and methods PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched (inceptionMarch 2023) following the PRISMA guidelines. Identified original studies in English on the association between STIs and male infertility were included. Data was tabulated/described by pathogen, mechanisms of action, number of studies and their level of evidence. Results Seventy out of 903 originally retrieved articles were included in this review. For the detrimental changes in semen parameters (first question), the evidence seems equivocal based on the nearly equal number of studies and similar levels of evidence. The only exception was for Ureaplasma, where the number of studies and levels of evidence supported an association with male infertility. Pertaining to a significantly higher prevalence of STI among infertile compared to fertile men (second question), evidence was insufficient to support/deny a significant association. The two exceptions were Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma, where the number of studies and evidence levels were in favour of an association with male infertility. Conclusions Generally, the relationship between STIs and male infertility remains to be uncovered. Our appraisal of the overall state of this relationship shows that the evidence base leaves much to be desired. The exceptions are Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma, where the evidence convincingly suggests their associations with infertility in men.

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in infertile Bulgarian men with multiplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among obstetrics and gynecological outpatients in southwest China: a retrospective study

Analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among obstetrics and gynecological outpatients in southwest China: a retrospective study

Oxidative Stress, Testicular Inflammatory Pathways, and Male Reproduction

Are sexually transmitted infections associated with male infertility? A systematic review and in-depth evaluation of the evidence and mechanisms of action of 11 pathogens

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