Detection of <i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</i> ApxIV toxin antibody in serum and oral fluid specimens from pigs inoculated under experimental conditions

González, Wendy; Giménez-Lirola, Luis; Holmes, Ashley J.; Lizano, Sergio; Goodell, Christa; Poonsuk, Korakrit; Sitthicharoenchai, Panchan; Sun, Yuzhi; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.1515/jvetres-2017-0021

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Although the detection of ADV antibody in swine oral fluids had not been previously reported, the depth of knowledge in this area justified the exploration of ADV antibody detection in oral fluids using currently available ELISAs. Consistent with previous reports, the manufacturer's serum ELISA protocols were modified to improve antibody detection in oral fluid specimens by increasing the concentration and volume of sample and extending the incubation time (Gonzalez et al., ; Kittawornrat et al., ; Panyasing et al., ). In terms of onset of detection and proportion of positive responses over time, the best oral fluid antibody results were obtained with the ADV i ELISA (Table , Figure ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Detection of Aujeszky's disease virus DNA and antibody in swine oral fluid specimens

Panyasing

Kedkovid

Kittawornrat

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) continues to circulate in commercial swine populations in many regions and in feral swine populations in most parts of the world, that is, ADV continues to present a risk to pork producers everywhere. Current DIVA vaccines and assays are highly effective in the control and/or eradication of ADV, but detection of wild-type ADV infection relies on testing individual pig specimens, for example, serum or muscle exudate ("meat juice"). Oral fluid specimens have been shown to be highly effective for the surveillance of a variety of swine pathogens and could offer the means to improve the efficiency of ADV surveillance in the field. In this study, the temporal patterns of ADV DNA and antibody detection in oral fluid and serum specimens were established in ADV-inoculated pigs (n = 14) using gB and gE PCRs, virus neutralization (VN) and three commercial serum antibody ELISAs (gB bELISA, gI bELISA and ADV iELISA). ADV DNA was detected in oral fluid samples (20% to 100%) from 3 to 21 days postinoculation (DPI), but not in serum. ADV antibody was detected in oral fluid specimens at DPI ≥ 10 with the gB bELISA (36% to 79%) and ADV iELISA (29% to 100%), but not the gI bELISA. These results suggest that oral fluid could be used as an alternative to individual pig sampling for ADV surveillance using PCR- and/or antibody-based assays.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Detection of Aujeszky's disease virus DNA and antibody in swine oral fluid specimens

Panyasing

Kedkovid

Kittawornrat

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Prior to inoculation, pigs were determined to be Mycoplasma-negative on the basis of real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing described herein and performed on serum, oral fluid, or tonsil scraping (MHS group only) samples collected prior to inoculation. Mycoplasma strain provenance, inoculum preparation, and route/s of inoculation for each group are shown in Table 1 [33, 37–39].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early detection and differential serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infections under experimental conditions

Giménez-Lirola

Meiroz-De-Souza-Almeida

Magtoto

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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Mycoplasma hyorhinis (MHR) and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae (MHS) are common opportunistic pathogens in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of swine. The identification of the specific species involved in clinical cases using conventional diagnostic methods is challenging. Therefore, a recombinant chimeric polypeptide based on the seven known variable lipoproteins (A-G) specific of MHR and a cocktail of surface proteins detergent-extracted from MHS cultures were generated and their suitability as antemortem biomarkers for serodiagnosis of MHR- and MHS-infection were evaluated by ELISA. M. hyorhinis and MHS ELISA performance, evaluated using serum samples collected over a 56-day observation period from pigs inoculated with MHR, MHS, M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare, or Friis medium, varied by assay, targeted antibody isotype, and cutoffs. The progressions of MHR and MHS clinical diseases were evaluated in relation to the kinetics of the isotype-specific antibody response in serum and bacterial shedding in oral fluids during the observation period. In pigs inoculated with MHR, bacterial DNA was detected in one or more of the 5 pens at all sampling points throughout the study, IgA was first detected at DPI 7, one week before the first clinical signs, with both IgA and IgG detected in all samples collected after DPI 14. The peak of MHS shedding (DPI 8) coincided with the onset of the clinical signs, with both IgA and IgG detected in all serum samples collected ≥ DPI 14. This study demonstrated, under experimental conditions, that both ELISAs were suitable for early detection of specific antibodies against MHR or MHS. The diagnostic performance of the MHR and MHS ELISAs varied depending on the selected cutoff and the antibody isotype evaluated. The high diagnostic and analytical specificity of the ELISAs was particularly remarkable. This study also provides insights into the infection dynamics of MHR-associated disease and MHS-associated arthritis not previously described.

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“…The apxIV gene is specific to the species A. pleuropneumoniae, and therefore it is a valuable target for PCR detection of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in pigs and A. pleuropneumoniae contaminations in pig farms, independent of serotype [66,72,[90][91][92][93][94]. Since ApxIV is specifically expressed upon infection of pigs and causes seroconversion, recombinant ApxIV was developed as a valuable tool for serological detection of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in pigs [64,95]. Because ApxIV is not expressed by A. pleuropneumoniae grown in axenic cultures, and therefore is not present in commercialized vaccines that are based on bactrins, culture supernatants, or A. pleuropneumoniae subunits, recombinant ApxIV serology can be used to differentiate infected pigs from vaccinated pigs by the DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) principle [96].…”

Section: Lkta Leukotoxin Of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) Haemolyticamentioning

confidence: 99%

RTX Toxins of Animal Pathogens and Their Role as Antigens in Vaccines and Diagnostics

Frey

2019

Toxins

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Exotoxins play a central role in the pathologies caused by most major bacterial animal pathogens. The large variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in the animal kingdom is reflected by a large variety of bacterial pathogens and toxins. The group of repeats in the structural toxin (RTX) toxins is particularly abundant among bacterial pathogens of animals. Many of these toxins are described as hemolysins due to their capacity to lyse erythrocytes in vitro. Hemolysis by RTX toxins is due to the formation of cation-selective pores in the cell membrane and serves as an important marker for virulence in bacterial diagnostics. However, their physiologic relevant targets are leukocytes expressing β2 integrins, which act as specific receptors for RTX toxins. For various RTX toxins, the binding to the CD18 moiety of β2 integrins has been shown to be host specific, reflecting the molecular basis of the host range of RTX toxins expressed by bacterial pathogens. Due to the key role of RTX toxins in the pathogenesis of many bacteria, antibodies directed against specific RTX toxins protect against disease, hence, making RTX toxins valuable targets in vaccine research and development. Due to their specificity, several structural genes encoding for RTX toxins have proven to be essential in modern diagnostic applications in veterinary medicine.

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Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIV toxin antibody in serum and oral fluid specimens from pigs inoculated under experimental conditions

Cited by 12 publications

References 44 publications

Detection of Aujeszky's disease virus DNA and antibody in swine oral fluid specimens

Detection of Aujeszky's disease virus DNA and antibody in swine oral fluid specimens

Early detection and differential serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infections under experimental conditions

RTX Toxins of Animal Pathogens and Their Role as Antigens in Vaccines and Diagnostics

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