Detection of hypoglycin A and MCPA‐carnitine in equine serum and muscle tissue: Optimisation and validation of a LC‐MS–based method without derivatisation

González‐Medina, S.; Hyde, C.E.; Lovera, Imogen; Piercy, Richard J.

doi:10.1111/evj.13303

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum from 3 groups of North Country mule ewes and lambs used in these experiments were residual samples obtained following routine (unrelated) health checks and retrospectively analyzed for HGA and MCPA-carnitine (MCPA-carn) using a technique previously described. 24 Samples were available from group 1 animals 1 day before and 2 and 7 days after their release onto pasture in the spring (2017) and from groups 2 and 3 animals, 1 day before and 2, 4, and 7 days after their release onto pasture in the spring (2018). Full biochemistry panels (urea, creatinine, magnesium, calcium, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], triglycerides, CK, and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) analyzed within 1 hour of collection were available for group 1, and remaining serum was separated and kept frozen (−20 C) for a maximum of 1 week before toxicological analysis.…”

Section: Serum Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypoglycin A absorption in sheep without concurrent clinical or biochemical evidence of disease

González‐Medina

Bevin

Alzola-Domingo

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Hypoglycin A (HGA) intoxication after ingestion of Acer spp. tree material has never been confirmed in domesticated ruminants despite their similar grazing habitats. Objectives: To investigate whether sheep have low HGA bioavailability caused by rumen HGA breakdown. Animals: Stomach and rumen fluid samples from 5 adult horses and 5 adult sheep respectively. Residual serum samples from 30 ewes and lambs. Methods: Experimental and retrospective cohort study. Hypoglycin A concentration was quantified in horse gastric and sheep ruminal samples after in vitro incubation with Acer pseudoplatanus seeds. Serum samples from grazing sheep (n = 20) and nursing lambs (n = 10) obtained before and after their release onto pastures with and without Sycamore seedlings were analyzed for HGA and methylenecyclopropylacetic acid carnitine, and serum biochemistry. Results: Neither ovine rumen nor equine gastric fluid affected HGA content in samples incubated for up to 2 hours. Despite HGA's detection in serum from sheep (n = 13/15; median, 23.71 ng/mL; range, 5.62-126.4 ng/mL) grazing contaminated pastures and in their nursing lambs (n = 2/5; median, 12.5 ng/mL; range, 8.82-15.67 ng/mL), there was no apparent clinical or subclinical disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Any reduced sensitivity to HGA intoxication in sheep seems unrelated to ruminal degradation. Serum HGA concentrations in sheep were similar to those of subclinically affected atypical myopathy horses. Any reduced sensitivity of sheep to HGA might be related to greater metabolic resistance rather than selective grazing habits or lower bioavailability. Hypoglycin A was found in nursing lambs, suggesting that HGA is excreted in milk.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Serum Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoglycin A absorption in sheep without concurrent clinical or biochemical evidence of disease

González‐Medina

Bevin

Alzola-Domingo

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…In ruminants, AM cases were reported for captured David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) after ingestion of huge quantities of seeds and seedlings [15] as well as leaves and branches [16], respectively, from pruned maple trees. The presence of MCPrG and metabolites of HGA and MCPrG in the kidney and liver of dead David's deer [16] and HGA in the muscle [17] and hair [18] of affected horses (MCPrG and its metabolites are not investigated in this study), might serve as evidence for the possibility of SM toxin transfer from feed into the tissues of both horses and ruminants. This is in line with in vitro results showing that HGA is remarkably resistant during inoculation to equine gastric [19] as well as bovine [20] and ovine rumen content [19], and thus potentially available for absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Hypoglycin A in Cow’s Milk—A Pilot Study

Bochnia

Ziegler

Glatter

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Hypoglycin A (HGA) originating from soapberry fruits (litchi, and ackee) seeds or seedlings from the sycamore maple (SM) tree (related to Sapindaceae) may cause Jamaican vomiting sickness in humans and atypical myopathy in horses and ruminants. A possible transfer into dairy cow’s milk cannot be ruled out since the literature has revealed HGA in the milk of mares and in the offal of captured deer following HGA intoxication. From a study, carried out for another purpose, bulk raw milk samples from four randomly selected dairy farms were available. The cows were pastured in the daytime. A sycamore maple tree was found on the pasture of farm No. 1 only. Bulk milk from the individual tank or milk filling station was sampled in parallels and analyzed for HGA by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Measurable concentrations of HGA occurred only in milk from farm No. 1 and amounted to 120 and 489 nmol/L. Despite low and very variable HGA concentrations, the results indicate that the ingested toxin, once eaten, is transferred into the milk. However, it is unknown how much HGA the individual cow ingested during grazing and what amount was transferred into the bulk milk samples. As a prerequisite for a possible future safety assessment, carry-over studies are needed. Furthermore, the toxins’ stability during milk processing should also be investigated as well.

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“…Serum analysis for both Hypoglycin A and MCPA-carnitine have been validated previously in horses (González-Medina et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masseter myodegeneration in the horse: Suggested approach to diagnosis and treatment

Wilson

Talbot

Crosby-Durrani

et al. 2022

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A descriptive case report of the management of a miniature pony presenting to a UK equine veterinary hospital with marked trismus and increased masseter muscle size. Diagnosis of masseter myodegeneration (MM) was aided by the use of computed tomography and excisional biopsy. Hyperlipaemia was diagnosed as a sequelae of MM. Treatment included nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatories, parenteral nutrition and fluid therapy in addition to supportive care. The gelding was discharged from the hospital 30 days after admission, having made a full recovery. MM in the horse is a rare condition that appears to be physiologically distinct from canine masticatory muscle myositis which is primarily immune mediated.

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Detection of hypoglycin A and MCPA‐carnitine in equine serum and muscle tissue: Optimisation and validation of a LC‐MS–based method without derivatisation

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Hypoglycin A absorption in sheep without concurrent clinical or biochemical evidence of disease

Hypoglycin A absorption in sheep without concurrent clinical or biochemical evidence of disease

Hypoglycin A in Cow’s Milk—A Pilot Study

Masseter myodegeneration in the horse: Suggested approach to diagnosis and treatment

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