Detection of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Buffaloes Naturally Infected with Sarcocystosis with Risk Factor Assessment

Abstract

Sarcocystosis is a silent, parasitic disease which affects various animal species and causes significant economic losses. It is caused by a number of different intracellular Sarcocystis spp. This study was aimed to detect the host humoral and cellular immune response due to natural infection. Adding to the determination of the infection rate in Monufia Governorate, Egypt. A total number of 127 Egyptian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis); 30 males and 97 females between 2-11 years of age were examined during 2018. An infection rate of 74% (94/127) was detected by macroscopic examination. The old age females were found to be at a high risk of 90.7% (88/97) in comparison with the young males 20% (6/30). Immunologically, the cellular and humoral immune response was determined using ELISA. A marked down-regulation of the proinflammatory Th-1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory Th-2 cytokine (IL-5) adding to a high level of IgG and IgE were detected in the infected animals compared to the non infected ones. The local cellular immune response in the infected tissues was characterized by an accumulation of mixed inflammatory cells, granuloma formation, eosinophilic infiltration, muscular edema, and necrotic degeneration. In conclusion, the Sarcocystis infection rate in the naturally infected buffaloes in Monufia Governorate was high. This is the first study to provide a fundamental insight into the immune profile in buffaloes infected with Sarcocystis spp. So, it will provide valuable insights to develop novel effective vaccines in future studies. Moreover, sensitive and specific tools should be established for the accurate diagnosis of this disease in the different Egyptian governorates through well-structured serological surveys.

Pathological and molecular study of ovine diaphragms naturally infected by Sarcosystis spp.

“…The rupture of cyst may be happened due to a host immune reaction or by over distention that occur during the development or as a result of accumulation of metabolic product and cytotoxin that enhanced osmotic pressure and crossing of fluid in to the cyst which become weakened and then ruptured (15), so that the contents of the rupture cyst (bradyzoites and toxins) into the surrounding tissue cause damage and massively infiltration of inflammatory cells specially eosinophils, macrophages,lymphocytes, monocytes and occasionally giant cells at the site of lesion (16,17). These result supported the theory involved the antigenic effects of Sarcosystis have a significance role in activation of immune response then development of eosinophilic myositis (5,18). The muscle necrosis and atrophy observed in this study, so the toxic effects of toxins cause loss of muscle its integrity, rapid utilization of glycogen and accumulation of lactic acid that lead to change in protein structure and subsequent unregulation of calcium flow, followed by increase of cytoplasmic calcium which cause activation of protease and hydrolytic enzymes that induce further muscle damage (19).…”

“…The muscle necrosis and atrophy observed in this study, so the toxic effects of toxins cause loss of muscle its integrity, rapid utilization of glycogen and accumulation of lactic acid that lead to change in protein structure and subsequent unregulation of calcium flow, followed by increase of cytoplasmic calcium which cause activation of protease and hydrolytic enzymes that induce further muscle damage (19). On the other hand, sarcocyst press on muscle for a long time lead to loss of its mass and then atrophied (18).…”

Seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing the most diagnostic Cephalopina titillator larval antigens

“…The cutoff point of optical density (OD) values was determined as described by El Shanawany et al . [ 26 , 27 ].…”

“…Then, 100 μL/well of the substrate (Orthophenylenediamine) was added, and the plate was read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. The cutoff point of optical density (OD) values was determined as described by El Shanawany et al [26,27].…”

Validation of an in-house Sarcosystis fusiformis glycoprotein-based ELISA for the serodiagnosis of sarcocystosis in buffaloes

“…Connick et al 2020;El Shanawany et al 2019c). Therefore, the presented isolated SF-GlcNAc showed immunogenic e cacy in eliciting the antibody response to S. fusiformis infection in buffaloes.…”