Detection of Human Coronavirus NL63 and OC43 in Children with Acute Respiratory Infections in Niigata, Japan, between 2010 and 2011

Coronavirus Infections in Pediatric Outpatients with Febrile Respiratory Tract Infections in Hiroshima, Japan, over a 3-Year Period

“…Diseases due to HCoVs occurred in young children and mainly in the cold months. Many other studies describe demographic and seasonality findings similar to those from our study (4,6,(15)(16)(17)19,23).…”

“…In the present study, the rate of HCoV infection was markedly lower than those for each of 8 other common respiratory viruses, but not lower than that of Flu-C. Of 4 other studies that used PCR to examine the incidence of common respiratory viruses (RSV, PIV1-3, AdV, and HMPV) and HCoVs (4,5,15,16), 3 found that the rates of HCoV detection were the lowest among the respiratory viruses tested (4,15,16). We could not compare the distribution of HCoV strains with that of other studies because the number of HCoV-infected patients in our study was too small and because of differences in the clinical settings; however, our finding that no patient was infected with HCoV-229E was consistent with previous findings indicating that HCoV-229E infection is the least common type of HCoV infection (4,(15)(16)(17)(18)19).…”

Detection of the Human Coronavirus 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 between 2010 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan

“…Our results also indicated that the frequency of HCoV detection per year ranged from 3.5z in 2013 to 9.7z in 2012. The detection frequencies of HCoVs in respiratory samples reported in the literature are highly variable, ranging from 1.6z to 16.0z, depending on the country, study period, study population, and detection modality (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The most commonly observed HCoV in our survey was HCoV-NL63, whereas many previous studies reported a predominance of HCoV-OC43 (2,5-15).…”

“…Four HCoVs (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1) are associated with a wide range of respiratory illness, including common colds, and with high morbidity outcomes, such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis (1)(2)(3). These four HCoVs are found globally, although the frequency of detection of these HCoVs varies with geographical location (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Poor growth and a lack of cytopathic effects on cell cultures have been major deterrents to HCoV research in the past (1).…”

An Outbreak of Human Coronavirus OC43 during the 2014–2015 Influenza Season in Yamagata, Japan

“…While HCoVs are associated with respiratory symptoms ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia and bronchiolitis (1,2), previous HCoV research has been hampered by a lack of observable cytopathic effects and poor growth in cell cultures. However, increasingly sensitive detection methods, such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, can now identify previously undetected cases (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”