Detection of HPV-2 and identification of novel mutations by whole genome sequencing from biopsies of two patients with multiple cutaneous horns

Two cutaneous horns associated with canine papillomavirus type 1 infection in a pit bull dog

“…The term “cutaneous horn” is a morphological description, not a true pathological diagnosis . Human CHs occur in association with diseases such as actinic and seborrhoeic keratoses molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma; they have also been associated with papillomavirus (PV) infections, including HPV1, HPV2 and HPV16 …”

“…1,2 Human CHs occur in association with diseases such as actinic and seborrhoeic keratoses molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma; 1 they have also been associated with papillomavirus (PV) infections, including HPV1, HPV2 and HPV16. 3 In cats and dogs CHs are considered rare, with predominantly anecdotal reports associating their development with actinic keratoses, viral papillomas, Bowenoid in situ carcinoma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. 2 They have particularly been reported in association with FeLV infection in cats.…”

Identification of the skin virome in a boy with widespread human papillomavirus‐2‐positive warts that completely regressed after administration of tetravalent human papillomavirus vaccine

“…However, the sequestration of HPV in epithelial cells can provide protection for the virus, resulting in inefficient activation of innate immunity, poor priming of the adaptive response and persistence of infections, even in immunocompetent individuals . In addition, genome variations, especially those enhancing viral promoter activities, have been associated with enhanced viral replication and unusual clinical manifestations …”

Generalized verrucosis: A review of the associated diseases, evaluation, and treatments

“…Detection system types include cloning and sequencing, reverse hybridization assay, reverse line blot assay, and DNA microarray. [118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] These HPV detection systems can establish a diagnosis when histology alone is not fully informative. From the plethora of cutaneotropic HPVs in a wart, especially in EV and organ transplant recipients, the detection of HPV-5, -8, -14, -17, -20, -22, or -47 can help predict the development of skin cancer.…”