Detection of Honey Adulteration by Sugar Syrups Using One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Abstract

The importance of honey adulteration detection has recently increased owing to the limited production levels in recent years and the relative high price of honey; therefore, this illegal practice has become more and more attractive to producers. Hence, the need has arisen for more effective analytical methods aiming at detecting honey adulteration. The present research presents an effective method to detect adulteration in honey falsified by intentional addition of different concentrations of commercial sugar syrups, using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Sixty-three authentic and 63 adulterated honey samples were analyzed. To prepare adulterated honeys, seven different sugar syrups normally used for nutrition of bees were used. The best discriminant model was obtained by 1D spectra, and leave-one-out cross-validation showed a predictive capacity of 95.2%. 2D NMR also furnished acceptable results (cross-validation correct classification 90.5%), although the (1)H NMR sequence is preferable because it is the simplest and fastest NMR technique.

A comparison of physical activity and nutrition in young women with and without primary dysmenorrhea

“…Eliminating salty foods will decrease the incidence of dysmenorrhea as well 21 . Having breakfast every morning 22 and eating nuts, pure honey 24, 25 are also effective in reducing the incidence of dysmenorrhea. The compound oleocanthal in extra virgin olive oil suppresses prostaglandin synthesis; in other words, it inhibits the enzymatic pathway for pain 26 .…”

Discrimination of flavonoids and red wine varietals by arrays of differential peptidic sensors

“…For instance, progress in drug discovery depends highly on the ability to effectively determine bioactive compounds, 1 detect toxicity, 2 determine protein targets, 3,4 identify biomarkers, 5 and perform metabolic profiling [6][7][8][9] in complex mixtures. Sample authentication and quality assurance of medicine, 10 as well as food samples such as wines, 11 artificial sweeteners, 12 energy drinks, 13 honey, 14 and even olive oil, 15,16 require complex mixture analysis. Analyses in these cases employ classical analytical techniques, such as HPLC, mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, UV-vis spectrometry, as well as hyphenated modes of these analytical methods.…”

Modern analytical methods for the detection of food fraud and adulteration by food category

“…Adulterated honey produced by honeybee colonies fed with different levels of sugar and sugar derived from C 4 plants such as corn and sugar cane can be evaluated by using the difference between the δ 13 C value of protein and honey (Δδ 13 C) and the C 4 % ratio . Adulteration of honey by sugar syrups can also be detected using one‐dimensional (1D) and two‐dimensional (2D) NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analyses . The best discrimination model involved 1D‐spectra and a cross‐verification analysis showed a prediction capacity for this model of 95.2%.…”