Detection of HIV-1 P24 Gag in Plasma by a Nanoparticle-Based Bio-Barcode-Amplification Method

Abstract

Background-Detection of HIV-1 in patients is limited by the sensitivity and selectivity of available tests. The nanotechnology-based bio-barcode-amplification method offers an innovative approach to detect specific HIV-1 antigens from diverse HIV-1 subtypes. We evaluated the efficacy of this protein-detection method in detecting HIV-1 in men enrolled in the Chicago component of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).

Micro- and Nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS Diagnostics in Resource-Limited Settings

“…P24 assays developed by Perkin Elmer Life Sciences (Boston, MA) [26]- [29], NEN Life Science Products (Geneva, Switzerland) [30], and Biocentric (Bandol, France) [31] have been evaluated for use in resource-limited settings but sensitivity [27], reliability [27], [30], and false positives [31] have been cited as reasons limiting implementation of these tests in resource-limited settings. Alternative assays have been developed, however, for the detection of p24 as the basis for HIV quantification [32]- [36].…”

“…The technique was later adapted for detection of HIV capsid protein p24 [34]- [36] and an overview of the concept is depicted in Fig. 3 [34].…”

“…A DNA-probe labeled gold nanoparticle binds to the other half of the immobilized barcode DNA and silver ions are reduced by hydroquinone on the surface, amplifying the visualization of biobarcode signals. A later version of this assay replaced the microtiter wells with antibody-coated magnetic nanoparticles that facilitated the separation of the antigen-nanoparticle complexes from solution [36]. This biobacode technique has demonstrated promising strides toward the grand challenge of early HIV detection [35] and bears the potential for a quantitative test, yet it has not yet been shown as a suitable replacement for quantitative nucleic acid detection technologies or to have been evaluated for efficacy in resource-limited settings.…”

Improvement of immunoassay detection sensitivity by using well-defined raspberry-like magnetic microbeads as carriers

“…The application of nano-sized MB carriers is limited because of their slow magnetic response [6] and severe aggregation caused by high surface energy [7] . Usually, MBs in size of several microns are used as solid carriers to recognize, capture and manipulate analyte in immunoassay [8][9] . They display high magnetic separation efficiency.…”

Nanostructured biochip for label-free and real-time optical detection of polymerase chain reaction

“…First, several chemical strategies were tested for the direct attachment of 5 -end oligonucleotides primers on the solid surface with the previously reported conditions for the surface density of probe oligonucleotides [19][20][21]. Then, the linkage between the thiolated primers and Au surface was evaluated against the repeated heating and cooling cycles of PCR [22][23][24]. In order to determine whether the oligonucleotides were desorbed from the surface of the Au nanoparticles after the repeated temperature cycles, Kim cycles of temperature changes used for PCR [22].…”