Detection of HIV-1 dual infections in highly exposed treated patients

Andreani, Guadalupe; Espada, Constanza E.; Ceballos, Ana; Ambrosioni, Juan; Petroni, Alejandro; Pugliese, Dora; Bouzas, María Belén; Giuliano, Silvia Fernandez; Weissenbacher, Mercedes; Losso, Marcelo; Benetucci, Jorge; Carr, Jean K.; Peralta, Liliana Martínez

doi:10.1186/1743-422x-8-392

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Our estimates of subtype B and F1 dual infection rates are not directly comparable to other published studies as each study group has used different research designs, methodologic approaches, and different target population for the search of different HIV-1 subtypes [8,16,44-52]. All together, these data lend further support to the conclusions that dual infections are an integral part of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, particularly in countries where multiple subtypes are circulating in the population [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Frequency of subtype B and F1 dual infection in HIV-1 positive, Brazilian men who have sex with men

Oliveira

Farias

Costa

et al. 2012

Virol J

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BackgroundBecause various HIV vaccination studies are in progress, it is important to understand how often inter- and intra-subtype co/superinfection occurs in different HIV-infected high-risk groups. This knowledge would aid in the development of future prevention programs. In this cross-sectional study, we report the frequency of subtype B and F1 co-infection in a clinical group of 41 recently HIV-1 infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in São Paulo, Brazil.MethodologyProviral HIV-1 DNA was isolated from subject's peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes that were obtained at the time of enrollment. Each subject was known to be infected with a subtype B virus as determined in a previous study. A small fragment of the integrase gene (nucleotide 4255–4478 of HXB2) was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using subclade F1 specific primers. The PCR results were further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Viral load (VL) data were extrapolated from the medical records of each patient.ResultsFor the 41 samples from MSM who were recently infected with subtype B virus, it was possible to detect subclade F1 proviral DNA in five patients, which represents a co-infection rate of 12.2%. In subjects with dual infection, the median VL was 5.3 × 104 copies/ML, whereas in MSM that were infected with only subtype B virus the median VL was 3.8 × 104 copies/ML (p > 0.8).ConclusionsThis study indicated that subtype B and F1 co-infection occurs frequently within the HIV-positive MSM population as suggested by large number of BF1 recombinant viruses reported in Brazil. This finding will help us track the epidemic and provide support for the development of immunization strategies against the HIV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Frequency of subtype B and F1 dual infection in HIV-1 positive, Brazilian men who have sex with men

Oliveira

Farias

Costa

et al. 2012

Virol J

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“…Mixed infections with lentiviruses belonging to different subtypes were documented in humans infected with HIV-1 [ 27 ] and cats infected with FIV [ 28 ]. Circulation of more than one SRLV genotype in goats was reported by Kuhar et al [ 24 ] and in sheep and goats by several authors [ 7 , 8 , 18 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological survey in single-species flocks from Poland reveals expanded genetic and antigenic diversity of small ruminant lentiviruses

2018

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Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections are widespread in Poland and circulation of subtypes A1, A12, A13, B1 and B2 was detected. The present work aimed at extending previous study based on the analysis of a larger number of animals from single-species flocks. Animals were selected for genetic analysis based on serological reactivity towards a range of recombinant antigens derived from Gag and Env viral proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of subtypes B2 and A12 in both goats and sheep and subtypes A1 and B1 in goats only. In addition, two novel subtypes, A16 and A17, were found in goats. Co-infections with strains belonging to different subtypes within A and B groups were detected in 1 sheep and 4 goats originating from four flocks. Although the reactivity of serum samples towards the recombinant antigens confirmed immunological relatedness between Gag epitopes of different subtypes and the cross-reactive nature of Gag antibodies, eleven serum samples failed to react with antigens representing all subtypes detected up-to-date in Poland, highlighting the limitations of the serological diagnosis. These data showed the complex nature of SRLV subtypes circulating in sheep and goats in Poland and the need for improving SRLV-related diagnostic capacity.

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“…More specifically, these DIs are classified as coinfections when all variants are concomitantly acquired in a single transmission event or superinfections (SIs) when the viruses originate from multiple subsequent transmission events [2]. HIV DI has been described in several studies with significant prevalence mainly among key populations [3–7] and is related to a faster progression to AIDS [8–10]. DIs were also observed among LTNPs and/or HICs [11–15], with variable consequences on HIV pathogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case report of HIV-1 superinfection in an HIV controller leading to loss of viremia control: a retrospective of 10 years of follow-up

et al. 2019

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Background HIV controllers (HICs) are a rare group of HIV-1-infected individuals able to naturally control viral replication. Several studies have identified the occurrence of HIV dual infections in seropositive individuals leading to disease progression. In HICs, however, dual infections with divergent outcomes in pathogenesis have been described. Case presentation Here, we present a case report of a HIC diagnosed in late 1999 who displayed stable CD4 + T cell levels and low plasmatic viral load across 12 years of follow-up. In early 2013, the patient started to present an increase in viral load, reaching a peak of 10,000 copies/ml in early 2014, followed by an oscillation of viremia at moderate levels in the following years. The genetic diversity of env proviral quasispecies from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied by single genome amplification (SGA) at six timepoints across 2009–2017. Phylogenetic analyses of env sequences from 2009 and 2010 samples showed the presence of a single subtype B variant (called B 1 ). Analyses of sequences from 2011 and after revealed an additional subtype B variant (called B 2 ) and a subsequent dominance shift in the proviral quasispecies frequencies, with the B 2 variant becoming the most frequent from 2014 onwards. Latent syphilis related to unprotected sexual intercourse was diagnosed a year before the first detection of B 2, evidencing risk behavior and supporting the superinfection hypothesis. Immunologic analyses revealed an increase in CD8 + and CD4 + T cell immune activation following viremia increase and minor T cell subset alterations during follow-up. HIV-specific T cell responses remained low throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions Altogether, these results show that loss of viremia control in the HIC was associated with superinfection. These data alert to the negative consequences of reinfection on HIV pathogenesis, even in patients with a long history of viremia control and an absence of disease progression, reinforcing the need for continued use of adequate prevention strategies.

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Detection of HIV-1 dual infections in highly exposed treated patients

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Frequency of subtype B and F1 dual infection in HIV-1 positive, Brazilian men who have sex with men

Frequency of subtype B and F1 dual infection in HIV-1 positive, Brazilian men who have sex with men

Epidemiological survey in single-species flocks from Poland reveals expanded genetic and antigenic diversity of small ruminant lentiviruses

A case report of HIV-1 superinfection in an HIV controller leading to loss of viremia control: a retrospective of 10 years of follow-up

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