Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study

Abstract

Background: The rapid growth in off-leash dog parks provides opportunity for canine socialization activities but carries risk of exposure to intestinal parasites. This study assessed the prevalence of these infections in dogs visiting off-leash dog parks. Methods: Fresh defecations were collected from dogs visiting parks in 30 metropolitan areas across the USA. Samples were analyzed by coproantigen immunoassay (CAI) (Fecal Dx ® and Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.) and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (CF). Owners responded to a questionnaire on their dog's signalment and use of heartworm/intestinal parasite control medications (HWCM). Results: Samples were examined from 3006 dogs, 87.9% aged at least 12 months, visiting 288 parks. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 622 (20.7%) samples, nematodes in 263 (8.8%), with hookworms, whipworms and ascarids in 7.1, 1.9 and 0.6% of samples, respectively. A sample positive for one or more intestinal parasites was found in 245 (85.1%) parks, with nematodes found in 143 (49.7%). Combined, CAI and CF detected 78.4% more intestinal nematode infections than CF alone. Hookworm and whipworm infections were detected in all age groups, but ascarids were only detected in dogs less than 4 years-old. Approximately 42% of dogs aged less than 1 year were positive for nematodes or Giardia. Based on owner reports, HWCM was current for 68.8% of dogs, dogs previously diagnosed with intestinal parasitism were more likely to be receiving a HWCM than those without such history, and a significantly lower (P = 0.0003) proportion of dogs receiving a HWCM were positive for intestinal nematodes compared with those not on such medication. Conclusions: Intestinal parasites, the most common of which were Giardia, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis, were found in 20% of dogs and 85% of dog parks across the USA. Enhanced detection of canine intestinal parasitism was achieved by combining CF and CAI. Canine intestinal parasites are common across the USA and dog health can be improved by regular testing of fecal samples and routine administration of medications effective against the most common infections.

Giardia spp. and the Gut Microbiota: Dangerous Liaisons

“…Companion animals are frequent carriers of both symptomatic and asymptomatic Giardia infections ( Figure 1 ; Tysnes et al, 2014 ; Bouzid et al, 2015 ; Stafford et al, 2020 ). The prevalence of giardiasis varies widely by region but has been estimated via meta-analysis of prevalence reports to be approximately 15% in dogs and 12% in cats ( Bouzid et al, 2015 ).…”

Further evaluation and validation of the VETSCAN IMAGYST: in-clinic feline and canine fecal parasite detection system integrated with a deep learning algorithm

“…Studies evaluating feline fecal samples have reported the prevalence of Cystoisospora and Giardia to range between 3.8–26.0% and 1.2–9.9%, respectively, with the highest prevalence in shelter cats [ 3 , 5 – 8 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 25 ]. The prevalence of Cystoisospora and Giardia in dogs has been reported to range between 0.5–10.4% and 3.3–13%, respectively [ 8 , 19 , 21 – 24 , 26 – 31 ]. Cystoisospora oocysts and Giardia cysts/trophozoites are small in size and can be challenging to detect by microscopy, especially when fecal samples contain a low number of oocysts, cysts, or trophozoites.…”

Further Evaluation and Validation of the VETSCAN IMAGYST: In-Clinic Feline and Canine Fecal Parasite Detection System Integrated with a Deep Learning Algorithm

“…Studies evaluating feline fecal samples have reported the prevalence of Cystoisospora and Giardia to range between 3.8-26.0% and 1.2-9.9%, respectively, with the highest prevalence in shelter cats [3-7, 18, 19, 21, 24]. The prevalence of Cystoisospora and Giardia in dogs has been reported to range between 0.5-10.4% and 3.3-13%, respectively [4,[19][20][21][22][23][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Cystoisospora oocysts and Giardia cysts/trophozoites are small in size and can be challenging to detect by microscopy, especially when fecal samples contain a low number of oocysts, cysts, or trophozoites.…”