Detection of Gamma Interferon and Some Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in SPF Chicks Experimentally Infected with Chicken Anemia Virus

Abstract

Chicken infectious anemia is one of the most economic immunosuppressive problems facing commercial poultry sector worldwide. Present study demonstrated the viral load in body organs and viral specific antibody titres of the SPF chicks experimentally infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV) strain CAV/Kal.2 and its contact group in vivo. Also, followed the emergence of lysozyme activity and nitric oxide (NO) levels, pro-inflammatory {IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCLi2 (IL-8 like chemokine)}, type I IFN (IFN-α and IFN-β) and IFN-γ cytokines. The obtained data illustrated that CAV-specific antibody development started after 7 days post infection (dpi) and reached its maximum level at 21 dpi in infected group and contact group. The CAV genome was detected in tissues of the chicks of both infected and contact groups at 7 dpi and continued for 21 dpi with 7 days intervals between sampling. Lysozyme activity and NO levels were greatly impaired in CAV infected chicks. The relative mRNA expression levels of most examined cytokines in the infected group were increased on 14 dpi compared to 7 and 21 dpi. On the other hand, CXCLi2 was generally not altered by CAV infection. The contact group showed undetermined changes in all examined cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, CXCLi2, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ). The obtained data revealed cytokine imbalances after infection with CAV as a result of hindrance of transcription of the most of the examined cytokines. As the immunosuppressive viruses of chickens may confuse with transcription for several cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ), so we suggest using this confliction in order to evaluate the immune status of chickens.

Copper chitosan nanocomposite as antiviral and immune-modulating effect in broiler experimentally infected with chicken anemia virus

“…The gradual increase in virus copies after infection with CAV (G4) at examined age 21 and 42 dpi and remained high in the organs was agreed with Wani et al (44), El-Samadony et al (19), who reported that higher virus copies related to higher antibody levels. They suggested a high viral load in the organs as the complete virus clearance from infected cells depends on the generation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells, which may be depleted due to CAV infection (45).…”

“…We extracted RNA for Real-Time (RT) PCR for relative quantification of mRNA. The liver, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and thyroid organs were collected at 14 th , 21 st , and 42 nd dpi from group 3 (CAVinfected group and inoculated with copper chitosan) and group 4 (CAV-infected group) to detect CAV by RT-PCR (19). Liver and muscle tissues (3 chicks per group) were collected on the 1 st , 7 th ,21 st ,35 th , and 42 nd days postmedication to detect copper residue concentration by UV RP-HPLC.…”

Genetic Differences and Pathogenicity of Chicken Anemia Virus Strains in Broiler’s Baby Chicks

“…It is suitable for the serological diagnosis of CAV in specific pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial poultry populations. These outcomes correspond with the observations of some researchers [18] but differ from the results obtained by other investigators. who have proposed that sera collected during the later stages of CAV infection could produce negative outcomes in serological tests [33].…”

“…CAV vaccines are made by introducing field strains into tissue culture cells or embryonated chicken eggs to make the virus less vigorous [28]. Moreover, the degree of attenuation does not necessarily prevent the vaccine from being transmitted to and among young chicks, either vertically or horizontally [17]. Although attenuated CAV strains can revert to virulent phenotypes after chick-to-chick transmission, vaccinating young chicks with such strains may pose a threat [29].…”

“…Then studies continued and reported that the virus has spread widely off farms throughout Egypt, even though vaccination. As well as monitoring the evolution of sequences and molecular characteristics of the virus in Egypt [17,18].…”