Detection of fowl adenovirus D strains in wild birds in Poland by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)

Abstract

Background The present study on the role of strains of adenovirus in wildlife reservoirs, and their prevalence is under exploration. In several previous studies, the presence of adenovirus strains in wild birds has been investigated. Worldwide distribution and outbreaks of adenovirus infections have been reported by many authors. The present study investigated the prevalence of FAdVs in 317 samples of different bird species from the northwestern region of Poland. An applied specific, sensitive, and efficient, without cross-reactivity loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to gauge the prevalence of fowl adenovirus strains in wild birds was developed and used. Results The method was based on the sequence of the loop L1 HVR1–4 region of the hexon gene of the FAdV genome reference strains FAdV-2 KT862805 (ANJ02325), FAdV-3 KT862807 (ANJ02399) and FAdV-11 KC750784 (AGK29904). The results obtained by LAMP were confirmed by real-time PCR. Among 317 samples obtained from wild birds, eight FAdV isolates (2.52%) were identified and produced a cytopathic effect (CPE) in chicken embryo kidney cells (CEK). Three FAdV types belonging to species Fowl adenovirus D were detected, which were isolated from three adenovirus types 2/3/11, and have been confirmed in three mute swans (Cygnus olor), three wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), one owl (Strigiformes), and one common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus). Conclusions This study provides the first accurate quantitative data for the replication of fowl adenovirus strains in wild birds in Poland, indicating adenovirus interspecies transmission, and demonstrating the circulation of FAdVs in wild birds.

Isolation and molecular characterization of Fowl adenovirus strains in Black grouse: First reported case in Poland

“…It is important to keep in mind that direct or indirect transmission between wild and domestic species is not common but is possible [24]. The adenovirus species D identified in this work was also identified in a previous study [24]. Further, all of the type/species strains indicated are specific to various lesions in domestic birds, and replicate prolifically.…”

“…Previous studies indicate that adenovirus strains have been detected in various wild bird species [19,21,24], suggesting that adenoviruses can easily cross the species barrier with minimal changeability and limited morbidity [16,23,31]. We hypothesized that some wild bird species may serve as an adenovirus reservoir in the wild, and may be well adapted to these hosts.…”

“…The isolation of poultry adenovirus strains from wild birds, to which they have adapted, suggests that these strains are constantly evolving and changing at the molecular level. For example, three FAdV types (2/3/11) belonging to species Fowl adenovirus D were detected in three mute swans (Cygnus olor), three wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), one owl (Strigiformes), and one common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) [24]. It is important to keep in mind that direct or indirect transmission between wild and domestic species is not common but is possible [24].…”

“…For example, three FAdV types (2/3/11) belonging to species Fowl adenovirus D were detected in three mute swans (Cygnus olor), three wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), one owl (Strigiformes), and one common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) [24]. It is important to keep in mind that direct or indirect transmission between wild and domestic species is not common but is possible [24]. The adenovirus species D identified in this work was also identified in a previous study [24].…”

“…Although adenoviruses are generally species-specific, some FAdVs have been found in multiple different species, including common buzzard ( Bueto bueto ) [ 17 ], black kite ( Milvus migrans ) [ 19 ], Tawny frogmouth ( Podargus strigoides : Caprimulgiformes ) [ 20 ], red-bellied parrot ( Poicephalus rufiventris ) [ 21 ], falcon ( Falconiformes ) [ 22 ], and domestic pigeon ( Columba livia domestica ) [ 23 ]. For example, FAdV-2/3/11/D were identified in three mute swans ( Cygnus olor ), one wild duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ), one owl ( Tyto javanica stertens ), one wood pigeon ( Columbia livia domestica ) [ 24 ], and ostrich chicks [ 16 ].…”