Detection of filarial antigen and antibody in serum and hydrocele fluid of 100 patients of hydrocele

Abstract

Aim: The present study was carried out to detect an association between isolated non-communicable hydrocoele and filariasis and to provide awareness to positive patients regarding sequel and advising methods for the reduction of morbidity. Methods: Blood samples and hydrocoele fluids were used to detect filarial antigen and antibody by ICT Kit, Trop-bio kit and Sevafilachek Kit. These were followed by statistical evaluation by χ 2 test. Results: 14% of cases were positive for filarial antigen and antibody in hydrocoele patient serum, while 15% of cases were positive for filarial antigen and antibody in the serum of non-hydrocoele patients. Conclusion: Probability is less than 0.05, which is statistically significant.

Incidence of filariasis in clinically diagnosed primary vaginal hydrocele

“…The prevalence of microfilaremia was 3.3% in this study. These findings were consistent with the studies of Khandelwal et al, Shah et al, Goel et al and Singh et al 25,[27][28][29] Khandelwal et al retrospective study of clinically unexpected filariasis observed smears revealed microfilaria in 15 out of the 16 cases. Fragments of adult worms in 3 cases; and embryoid bodies in two cases, both these cases were from lymph node swelling.…”

“…In this study, the duration of hydrocele in majority of the patients (35%) was 0-6 months followed by 6 months-1 year (23.3%), 2-3 years (21.7%), >10 years (8.3%), 4-5 years (6.7%) and 6-10 years (5%). This is comparable to the studies of Goel et al, Mahaboob et al and Khandelwal et al [25][26][27] Goel et al study to assess the association between isolated non-communicable hydrocele and filariasis found duration of symptoms ranged from 3 months to 15 years and median duration was 9 months. Fourteen patients the symptom duration was 3 months to 6 years, median duration 2.5 years.…”

“…In this study, anti-filarial antibody was detected in serum of 5 (8.3%) patients and out of these 5 patients, antifilarial antibody was detected in hydrocele fluid of 2 (3.3%) patients. This is similar to the studies of Goel et al, Singh et al, Shah et al, Rocha et al and Dandapat et al 25,[28][29][30][31] Goel et al study to assess the association between isolated non-communicable hydrocele and filariasis reported 14 patients, both filarial antigen and antibody was present in hydrocele fluid of three patients, and in only one of these was the fluid chylous. 25 Singh et al prospective, cross-sectional, observational study determining its prevalence among hydrocele patients in chronically infected cases found out of these 100 patients, 21 (21%) showed positive anti-filarial antibody test.…”

“…Fourteen patients the symptom duration was 3 months to 6 years, median duration 2.5 years. 25 Mahaboob retrospective study observed there was increase in duration of disease according to age group from 18-20 to more than 60 age group. 26 Khandelwal et al retrospective study of clinically unexpected filariasis observed patients presented predominantly as swelling at various sites with or without pain and fever.…”

Cognitive Mapping Deficits in Schizophrenia: A Critical Overview

“…[56] Hippocampal formation and medial temporal lobe (MTL) see[7] have been proposed to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. [78] Hippocampus figures prominently in meta-analyses of brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia[9101112] and pathophysiological theories of schizophrenia. [13141516] In this review, we focus our attention to the deficits in context representation with specific emphasis on egocentricity-allocentricity (which explains both visuospatial frame of reference[1718] and social frame of reference),[1920] their relation to the hippocampus and the resultant dysfunction that is manifested at several levels as features of schizophrenia.…”