Detection of Expansin Proteins and Activity during Tomato Fruit Ontogeny

Rose, Jocelyn K. C.; Cosgrove, Daniel J.; Albersheim, Peter; Darvill, Alan G.; Bennett, A. B.

doi:10.1104/pp.123.4.1583

Cited by 116 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Subsequently, homologous genes were identified in gymnosperms and in both monocots and dicots among the angiosperms. Examples include Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) leaves (Keller and Cosgrove, 1995), Avena sativa (oat) coleoptiles (Cosgrove and Li, 1993), Zea mays (maize) roots (Wu et al, 1996), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) cell cultures (Link and Cosgrove, 1998), and various fruits Rose et al, 2000). Expansin genes appear to be highly conserved throughout plant evolution (Cosgrove, 2000a), whereas closely related expansin-like sequences also have been found in Dictyostelium discoideum, suggesting that these cell wall proteins have a very deep evolutionary origin (Li et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of the Petunia hybrida α-Expansin Gene PhEXP1 Reduces the Amount of Crystalline Cellulose in Cell Walls and Leads to Phenotypic Changes in Petal Limbs

et al. 2004

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The expansins comprise a family of proteins that appear to be involved in the disruption of the noncovalent bonds between cellulose microfibrils and cross-linking glycans, thereby promoting wall creep. To understand better the expansion process in Petunia hybrida (petunia) flowers, we isolated a cDNA corresponding to the PhEXP1 a-expansin gene of P. hybrida. Evaluation of the tissue specificity and temporal expression pattern demonstrated that PhEXP1 is preferentially expressed in petal limbs during development. To determine the function of PhEXP1, we used a transgenic antisense approach, which was found to cause a decrease in petal limb size, a reduction in the epidermal cell area, and alterations in cell wall morphology and composition. The diminished cell wall thickness accompanied by a reduction in crystalline cellulose indicates that the activity of PhEXP1 is associated with cellulose metabolism. Our results suggest that expansins play a role in the assembly of the cell wall by affecting either cellulose synthesis or deposition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of the Petunia hybrida α-Expansin Gene PhEXP1 Reduces the Amount of Crystalline Cellulose in Cell Walls and Leads to Phenotypic Changes in Petal Limbs

et al. 2004

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“…Thus, the LeEXP18 expression is considered to be a molecular marker for leaf initiation, predicting a site of primordium formation before histological changes can be detected in the shoot apical meristem (Reinhardt et al, 1998). A recent study showed that the LeEXP18 expression does not correlate with elongation growth and that some of the tomato expansin genes are differentially expressed during fruit development, suggesting that not all the expansins are involved in the expansion process (Brummell et al, 1999a(Brummell et al, , 1999bCaderas et al, 2000;Rose et al, 2000). Therefore, the complexity of the expansin family and the tissue-specific expression patterns of some of its members suggest that different expansins may play different roles in various cell types during organ development in plants (Rose et al, 1997;Reinhardt et al, 1998).…”

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Expression of an Expansin Gene Is Correlated with Root Elongation in Soybean

et al. 2003

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Expansin is a family of proteins that catalyze long-term expansion of cell walls and has been considered a principal protein that affects cell expansion in plants. We have identified the first root-specific expansin gene in soybean (Glycine max), GmEXP1, which may be responsible for root elongation. Expression levels of GmEXP1 were very high in the roots of 1-to 5-d-old seedlings, in which rapid root elongation takes place. Furthermore, GmEXP1 mRNA was most abundant in the root tip region, where cell elongation occurs, but scarce in the region of maturation, where cell elongation ceases, implying that its expression is closely related to root development processes. In situ hybridization showed that GmEXP1 transcripts were preferentially present in the epidermal cells and underlying cell layers in the root tip of the primary and secondary roots. Ectopic expression of GmEXP1 accelerated the root growth of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings, and the roots showed insensitivity to obstacle-touching stress. These results imply that the GmEXP1 gene plays an important role in root development in soybean, especially in the elongation and/or initiation of the primary and secondary roots.The root is a plant organ that has adapted to acquire water and nutrients from the environment (Schiefelbein et al., 1997). The root system has recently been the focus of interest as a useful system for understanding organ development because it is a relatively simple organ, its growth pattern is uniform, and it has a small number of differentiated cell types (Aeschbacher et al., 1994). Furthermore, the development of new roots (secondary or lateral roots) from an existing root (primary root) provides a novel opportunity to investigate cellular differentiation and development in plants.Although the primary and secondary roots share many basic structural features, they are different in their origin (Scheres et al., 1996). A basic feature of the root is its radial pattern, which is made up of concentric layers of tissues. Three fundamental types of the tissues are the epidermis, the cortex, and the vascular tissues (Esau, 1977;Dolan et al., 1993;Raven et al., 1999). In the longitudinal section, the root can be divided into three different regions: those of cell division, elongation, and maturation (specialization) (Dolan et al., 1993;Baluska et al., 1996;Howell, 1998;Raven et al., 1999). The region of cell division contains the root apical meristem, which carries out new cell divisions but does not elongate newly divided cells immediately. The cells derived from the region of cell division expand and elongate mostly in the region of elongation. After they have elongated, the cells begin to differentiate in the region of maturation, where root hairs and the secondary roots are initiated. The events of cell elongation and maturation occurring in the root have been suggested to be controlled by the extensibility of the cell wall and the turgor pressure inside the cell (Cosgrove, 1996).It has been proposed that development of the s...

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“…In contrast, Donnelly et al (1999) showed that few spatial restraints on cell expansion were apparent in leaf growth of Arabidopsis. Overall morphogenetic constraints on leaf growth seem to regulate final leaf area synchronously with environmental factors (Van Volkenburgh, 1999), and there is great interest in determining how environmental conditions might affect the processes of cell division (Cockcroft et al, 2000) and cell expansion (Rose et al, 2000) at the various stages of development (Fiorani et al, 2000). Increase in growth has been associated with increased cell production rates (Beemster and Baskin, 1998), and further analysis of the cell division process may support evidence for its significance in growth and morphogenesis (Wang et al, 2000) or agree with predictions that it acts merely as a "marker" for growth (Hemerly et al, 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

et al. 2003

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Leaf expansion in the fast-growing tree, Populus ϫ euramericana was stimulated by elevated [CO 2 ] in a closed-canopy forest plantation, exposed using a free air CO 2 enrichment technique enabling long-term experimentation in field conditions. The effects of elevated [CO 2 ] over time were characterized and related to the leaf plastochron index (LPI), and showed that leaf expansion was stimulated at very early (LPI, 0-3) and late (LPI, 6-8) stages in development. Early and late effects of elevated [CO 2 ] were largely the result of increased cell expansion and increased cell production, respectively. Spatial effects of elevated [CO 2 ] were also marked and increased final leaf size resulted from an effect on leaf area, but not leaf length, demonstrating changed leaf shape in response to [CO 2 ]. Leaves exhibited a basipetal gradient of leaf development, investigated by defining seven interveinal areas, with growth ceasing first at the leaf tip. Interestingly, and in contrast to other reports, no spatial differences in epidermal cell size were apparent across the lamina, whereas a clear basipetal gradient in cell production rate was found. These data suggest that the rate and timing of cell production was more important in determining leaf shape, given the constant cell size across the leaf lamina. The effect of elevated [CO 2 ] imposed on this developmental gradient suggested that leaf cell production continued longer in elevated [CO 2 ] and that basal increases in cell production rate were also more important than altered cell expansion for increased final leaf size and altered leaf shape in elevated [CO 2 ].Given the importance of forests for global bioproductivity, the consequences of increased atmospheric [CO 2 ] for the global carbon cycle are potentially extremely large (Malhi et al., 1999). Despite this, there are still relatively few large-scale, long-term experiments from which predictions about likely forest responses can be made. Few studies have been completed where trees are allowed to develop to canopy closure and where a "stable" response to [CO 2 ] is likely. Determining the response of leaf area development to elevated [CO 2 ] is important. It is still unknown whether forests of the future will maintain a higher leaf area index (LAI), as implied from smalltree studies (Ceulemans et al., 1997) or whether the long-term (decades) responses will be reduced allocation to foliage and lower LAI, as suggested by some modeling approaches (Medlyn and Dewar, 1996) or involve acclimation to limited nitrogen (Oren et al., 2001).Leaf growth is often stimulated in short-term response to elevated [CO 2 ] (Taylor et al., 1994;Pritchard et al., 1999), and both leaf cell expansion and cell production are sensitive to [CO 2 ] (Taylor et al., 1994). It is likely that these processes respond to additional carbohydrate from photosynthesis and, as such, altered atmospheric [CO 2 ] provides a critical insight into how carbon regulates plant development and growth (Masle, 2000). The importance of leaf develo...

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Detection of Expansin Proteins and Activity during Tomato Fruit Ontogeny

Cited by 116 publications

References 30 publications

Downregulation of the Petunia hybrida α-Expansin Gene PhEXP1 Reduces the Amount of Crystalline Cellulose in Cell Walls and Leads to Phenotypic Changes in Petal Limbs

Downregulation of the Petunia hybrida α-Expansin Gene PhEXP1 Reduces the Amount of Crystalline Cellulose in Cell Walls and Leads to Phenotypic Changes in Petal Limbs

Expression of an Expansin Gene Is Correlated with Root Elongation in Soybean

Spatial and Temporal Effects of Free-Air CO2Enrichment (POPFACE) on Leaf Growth, Cell Expansion, and Cell Production in a Closed Canopy of Poplar

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