Detection of Equine Babesia spp. Gene Fragments in Dermacentor nuttalli Olenev 1929 Infesting Mongolian Horses, and Their Amplification in Egg and Larval Progenies.

Battsetseg, Badgar; Lucero, Susana; Xuan, Xuenan; Claveria, Florencia G.; Byambaa, Badarch; Battur, Banzragch; Boldbaatar, Damdinsuren; Batsukh, Zayat; Khaliunaa, T.; Gonchigoo, Battsetseg; Igarashi, Ikuo; Nagasawa, Hideyuki; Fujisaki, Kozo

doi:10.1292/jvms.64.727

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The infected tick inoculates sporozoites into host, which further mature to merozoites, indicating that surface proteins of sporozoites and merozoites are retained during these developmental stages. Battsetseg et al (2001Battsetseg et al ( , 2002; Ikadai et al (2007); and Lori et al (2010) also recorded similar observations when applying PCR on D. nuttalli; Haemaphysalis longicornis; and D. marginatus, H. marginatum, Ixodes ricinus tick DNA, respectively. These observations indicated that equine merozoite surface gene is conserved among sporozoite and merozoite sexual/asexual developmental stage of T. equi.…”

supporting

confidence: 54%

Molecular evidence of Theileria equi infection in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks infested on sero-positive Indian horses

Bhagwan

Kumar

et al. 2015

Acta Parasitologica

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A sizeable Indian equine population is considered to be pre-immune carrier of Theileria equi infection. In this study we confirmed the presence of T. equi specific DNA in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks which were infested on sero-positive horses. Fifty two Indigenous horses were randomly selected from endemic areas and their blood and tick samples were collected. Tick salivary glands and blood samples were processed for separation of DNA and serum, respectively. Serum samples were analyzed by EMA-2ELISA and nine horses were found positive for T. equi specific antibodies. Species-specific primers were designed from EMA-2 gene of T. equi, so as to amplify 398 bp fragment in PCR. The gene fragment was amplified in PCR on the DNA samples (from blood) from these nine sero-positive horses. Corresponding six tick's DNA samples collected from these nine seropositive animals were observed positive in PCR. Further, qPCR assay demonstrated presence of T. equi DNA in infected tick's salivary glands, which was also confirmed by microscopic examination of infected acinar. This study concluded that Hyalomma anatolicum ticks infested on T. equi seropositive horses have sporozoite developmental stage in their salivary glands, which is an evidence for transmitting potential of these tick among Indian horse population.

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supporting

confidence: 54%

Molecular evidence of Theileria equi infection in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks infested on sero-positive Indian horses

Bhagwan

Kumar

et al. 2015

Acta Parasitologica

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“…The presence of T. equi and B. caballi was demonstrated in adult D. nuttalli and their progeny by Battsetseg et al (2002) and we therefore assume that both piroplasms are transmitted by these ticks. Thus, because the prevalence of both protozoa in ticks was not significantly different in our study, the diverging development of the two parasite prevalences in the mammalian host must be due to other factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Age-dependent dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in southwest Mongolia based on IFAT and/or PCR prevalence data from domestic horses and ticks

et al. 2007

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Epidemiological factors of tick-borne equine piroplasmoses, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, were investigated using logistic regression (GLM) and general additive models (GAM) based on the prevalences determined in 510 domestic horses and in ticks in S.W. Mongolia by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and/or multiplex PCR. Prevalences of T. equi and B. caballi in horses were 66 . 5% (95 % CI : 62 . 1-70 . 7) and 19 . 1% (15 . 6-22 . 9), respectively by PCR and 78 . 8 % (74 . 9-82 . 3) and 65 . 7% (61 . 3-69 . 9) by IFAT. Of 166 ticks analysed from PCR-and IFAT-negative horses 1 was PCR positive for B. caballi and none for T. equi. GAM demonstrated non-linear increasing proportions of T. equi-PCR and -IFAT positive horses with age suggesting persistent infection. In contrast, the B. caballi-PCR prevalence decreased with age despite a concurrent increase in the proportion of IFAT-positive animals suggesting parasite elimination. The tick (Dermacentor nuttalli) burden of the horses increased with age and decreased with advancing season. Geldings were more likely to be infected with, and seroconvert to, T. equi. Neither herd affiliation, date of sample collection nor abundance of tick infestation had a significant influence on parasite prevalence.

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“…The lack of transmission, even when adult female R. microplus ticks were acquisition fed on horses with high levels of parasitemia and positive egg masses were selected for rearing larvae, indicates that this intergenerational mode of transmission is, at best, very inefficient and unlikely to be of epidemiologic significance. Whether this holds true for the other known or putative vector tick species shown to pass B. equi parasites transovarially is unknown and awaits definitive transmission data (1,9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistently Infected Horses Are Reservoirs for Intrastadial Tick-Borne Transmission of the Apicomplexan Parasite Babesia equi

et al. 2008

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Tick-borne pathogens may be transmitted intrastadially and transstadially within a single vector generation as well as vertically between generations. Understanding the mode and relative efficiency of this transmission is required for infection control. In this study, we established that adult male Rhipicephalus microplus ticks efficiently acquire the protozoal pathogen Babesia equi during acute and persistent infections and transmit it intrastadially to naïve horses. Although the level of parasitemia during acquisition feeding affected the efficiency of the initial tick infection, infected ticks developed levels of >10 4 organisms/pair of salivary glands independent of the level of parasitemia during acquisition feeding and successfully transmitted them, indicating that replication within the tick compensated for any initial differences in infectious dose and exceeded the threshold for transmission. During the development of B. equi parasites in the salivary gland granular acini, the parasites expressed levels of paralogous surface proteins significantly different from those expressed by intraerythrocytic parasites from the mammalian host. In contrast to the successful intrastadial transmission, adult female R. microplus ticks that fed on horses with high parasitemia passed the parasite vertically into the eggs with low efficiency, and the subsequent generation (larvae, nymphs, and adults) failed to transmit B. equi parasites to naïve horses. The data demonstrated that intrastadial but not transovarial transmission is an efficient mode for B. equi transmission and that persistently infected horses are an important reservoir for transmission. Consequently, R. microplus male ticks and persistently infected horses should be targeted for disease control.The maintenance of tick-borne infections in natural reservoir hosts is dependent upon the efficiency of acquisition and transmission events at the tick-host and tick-pathogen interfaces (7,20). Effective control of tick-borne infectious disease requires knowledge of the ability of specific vector stages to acquire, amplify, and transmit the pathogen. There are three nonmutually exclusive modes of tick-borne transmission (4). The first mode is transstadial transmission that occurs when a tick stage (e.g., larval or nymphal) acquires the pathogen from a mammalian reservoir host and a subsequent life cycle stage within the same tick generation transmits the pathogen to an uninfected host (11,18,20). In the second mode, ticks transmit the pathogen intrastadially; the pathogen is acquired by the tick, and following movement between individual animal hosts, the same tick stage transmits the pathogen to a naïve animal (18). In the third mode, transovarial passage is followed by pathogen transmission by one or more stages in the subsequent generation (3, 7). All three modes occur in the transmission of the apicomplexan parasites of the genus Babesia (4); however, the mode used by a given Babesia sp. cannot be inferred but, rather, requires testing and quantification of the ...

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Detection of Equine Babesia spp. Gene Fragments in Dermacentor nuttalli Olenev 1929 Infesting Mongolian Horses, and Their Amplification in Egg and Larval Progenies.

Cited by 33 publications

References 14 publications

Molecular evidence of Theileria equi infection in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks infested on sero-positive Indian horses

Molecular evidence of Theileria equi infection in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks infested on sero-positive Indian horses

Age-dependent dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in southwest Mongolia based on IFAT and/or PCR prevalence data from domestic horses and ticks

Persistently Infected Horses Are Reservoirs for Intrastadial Tick-Borne Transmission of the Apicomplexan Parasite Babesia equi

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