Detection of endotoxin in cases of equine colic

King, J. N.; Gerring, E. L.

doi:10.1136/vr.123.10.269

Cited by 119 publications

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“…Endotoxaemia has recently been included in a new disease concept called systemic inflammatory response syndrome, because the overall deleterious effect caused by endotoxaemia results from the host's response to endogenous inflammatory substances (King and Gerring 1988). The immune response to sepsis is, however, very diverse, and includes non-specific innate immune reactions to common components of pathogens as well as adaptive immune responses to specific pathogenic antigens.…”

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confidence: 99%

The influence of experimentally-induced endotoxaemia on clinical variables and markers of systemic inflammation in donkeys (Equus asinus)

El-Ashker¹,

El-Sebaei²,

Aamer³

2017

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:In view of the frequent involvement of endotoxins in the pathogenesis of equine diseases, the present study set out to gain preliminary insight into the challenge caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in donkeys and into the responses of animals to LPS challenge. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the susceptibility and response of donkeys to LPS administration and the first to describe the extent to which donkeys can tolerate a state of endotoxaemia. For this purpose, 18 clinically healthy, native breed donkeys were randomly allocated into three groups of equal size. The first and second groups received E. coli O55:B5 endotoxin at a dose rate of 20 ng/kg (Low dose group), and 5.0 µg/kg (High dose group), respectively, after dilution in 500 ml of 0.9% normal saline, while the third group (Control) received 500 ml of 0.9% isotonic saline solution. Blood samples were drawn from each animal before exposure to LPS and hourly for 6 h subsequently to measure the circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines as well as the cellular response. All animals were clinically monitored throughout the study period. Following LPS exposure, donkeys in both treated groups had quite different temporal patterns of clinical manifestations. The high dose of LPS yielded a statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) increase in heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as hypothermia and poor outcome compared with animals receiving the low dose. The severity of colic was, in general, mild in donkeys receiving the low dose of LPS, while the signs were overt in those receiving the high dose. Donkeys of both treated groups exhibited marked cellular alterations and up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 with a marginal increase in the values of serum amyloid A compared with controls (P < 0.05). The results described herein demonstrate that donkeys can respond to even a physiological dose of E. coli O55:B5 endotoxin, while a high dose can elicit overt clinical alterations and marked inflammatory responses. Further studies with an extended follow-up time are needed to verify and generalise the obtained findings and to evaluate novel medications to minimise the deleterious consequences of endotoxaemia in equine patients.

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The influence of experimentally-induced endotoxaemia on clinical variables and markers of systemic inflammation in donkeys (Equus asinus)

El-Ashker¹,

El-Sebaei²,

Aamer³

2017

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…In clinical veterinary medicine, blood endotoxin levels have been reported in bovine gangrenous mammillitis [3] and equine colic [5], but little attention has been paid to blood endotoxin levels in small animals [1,4,14].…”

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Relationship of the Blood Endotoxin Concentration and Prognosis in Dogs with Pyometra.

1998

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ABSTRACT. The blood concentrations of endotoxin in dogs with pyometra (n=45) were compared with those in healthy dogs (n=17). The blood endotoxin concentrations in the healthy dogs (n=17), in those with good prognosis (n=41) and those with poor prognosis (n=4) were 3.4 ± 2.8 pg/ml, 9.5 ± 11.3 pg/ml and 74.2 ± 18.3 pg/ml, respectively. The concentrations in the dogs with good prognosis and poor prognosis were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those in the healthy dogs. The dogs with poor prognosis had significantly (p<0.01) higher endotoxin concentrations than those with good prognosis. Blood endotoxin concentrations were measured in 9 dogs after surgery, and were found to be decreased. These results suggest the possible involvement of endotoxin in the pathophysiological changes due to pyometra in dogs, and also that the blood endotoxin concentration could be used as a marker to determine prognosis. -KEY WORDS : canine, endotoxin, pyometra.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60(11): 1265-1267, 1998 surgery; the other developed peritonitis). All animals were treated with fluid therapy and antibiotic drugs. The concentration of endotoxin in blood was measured by a chromogenic substrate method [3,4]. Briefly, plateletrich plasma was pretreated with perchloric acid. The pretreated plasma sample was allowed to react for 30 min at 37°C using a Toxicolor Test (Seikagaku Kogyo, Tokyo). This was followed by diazo-coupling for colorimetric measurement of the optical density at 545 nm (Spectrophotometer 150-20, Hitachi, Tokyo). The syringes and test tubes used for blood sampling and tests were all completely free of endotoxin.The data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis between groups was performed by the Mann-Whitney test. P<0.05 was considered significant.As shown in Fig. 1, the blood endotoxin concentrations in the healthy dogs (n=17), in those with good prognosis (n=41) and those with poor prognosis (n=4) were 3.4 ± 2.8 pg/ml, 9.5 ± 11.3 pg/ml and 74.2 ± 18.3 pg/ml, respectively. The concentrations in the dogs with good prognosis and poor prognosis were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those in the healthy dogs. The dogs with poor prognosis had significantly (p<0.01) higher endotoxin concentrations than those with good prognosis.The dog with the highest value (94.5 pg/ml) was already in shock when brought to our department and died shortly after sampling of blood. A dog with 81 pg/ml had severe renal failure and died 2 days after surgery; another dog with 51.5 pg/ml had renal failure and died 10 days after surgery. A dog with 70

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“…Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis and septic shock accompanied with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by gram-negative bacteria [2,9]. In horses with gastrointestinal disorders, endotoxemia is major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with septic shock [18]. Inflammatory mediators such interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are increased in horses with endotoxemia [5,28,36].…”

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“…In horses with gastrointestinal disorders, endotoxemia is major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with septic shock [18]. Inflammatory mediators such interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are increased in horses with endotoxemia [5,28,36].…”

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia in Horse

Kiku

Kusano

Fukuda

et al. 2003

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Cellular activation and functional cell surface markers were evaluated during experimentally-induced endotoxemia in healthy horses. Eight healthy adult horses were infused a low dose of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O26: B6, 30 ng/kg of body weight, IV) and five control horses were given an equivalent volume of sterile saline solution. Venous blood samples were collected for flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to measure plasma endotoxin concentrations. Clinical signs of endotoxemia were recorded at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hr after endotoxin or saline solution administration. Clinical findings characteristic of endotoxemia (tachycardia, tachypnea, increased rectal temperature, and leukopenia) occurred transiently in all horses administered endotoxin; however, plasma endotoxin concentrations were detectable in only 50% (4/8) of the endotoxin-infused horses. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis and septic shock accompanied with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by gram-negative bacteria [2,9]. In horses with gastrointestinal disorders, endotoxemia is major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with septic shock [18]. Inflammatory mediators such interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are increased in horses with endotoxemia [5,28,36]. Many important equine diseases are associated with endotoxemia, thus elucidating important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this condition in horse could lead to improved treatment.The monocyte is a pivotal cell in mediating the body's response to endotoxemia. Monocytes express CD14, a cell surface receptor that binds complexes formed between LPS and a plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP) [38]. CD14 is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchored membrane protein that is expressed on mature monocytes [15]. Moreover, CD14 was identified as a monocyte differentiation marker expressed on the surface of macrophages, neutrophils, and other cells of myeloid linkage [33]. It functions as a co-receptor for bacterial LPS and triggers the induction of inflammatory responses. Recently it has been demonstrated that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 may be the predominant cell surface molecule mediating the response to LPS [1,7,20] and the binding of LPS to the CD14-TLR4 complex is effective in generating a functional cellular response [7,20]. CD14 initiates the activation of macrophages for the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines [13] that stimulate both proliferation and differentiation of CD4 + cell for helper T cell, CD5 + cell specific for peripheral B1-a cell, and CD8 + cell for suppressor and cytotoxic T cell and IgM + cell for B cell. The LPS, an outer-membrane component of gram-negative bacteria, is recognized as one of major causes of septic shock [8]. Downregulation of CD14 has been reported in circulating monocytes of human septic patient [8,14,21,22]. A continuous decrea...

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Detection of endotoxin in cases of equine colic

Cited by 119 publications

References 0 publications

The influence of experimentally-induced endotoxaemia on clinical variables and markers of systemic inflammation in donkeys (Equus asinus)

The influence of experimentally-induced endotoxaemia on clinical variables and markers of systemic inflammation in donkeys (Equus asinus)

Relationship of the Blood Endotoxin Concentration and Prognosis in Dogs with Pyometra.

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia in Horse

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