Detection of DNA of nocturnally periodic Brugia malayi in night and day blood samples by a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA-based method using an internal control DNA.

Fischer, Peter; Supali, Tanianwati; Wibowo, Heri; Bonow, Insa; Williams, Steven A.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.291

Cited by 37 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The combination of C-PCR with ELISA or test strip detection of amplicons can detect 75 to 500 fg of DNA (5,6). The TaqM real-time PCR that we developed also has a sensitivity in this range (detection limit, ϳ100 fg).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Brugia Parasite DNA in Human Blood by Real-Time PCR

et al. 2006

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Brugian filariasis (caused by the nematodes Brugia malayi and B. timori) is an important cause of disability in Southeast Asia. Improved diagnostic tests are needed for filariasis elimination programs (to identify areas of endemicity and to monitor progress) and for diagnosis of the disease in infected individuals. We have developed and evaluated two real-time PCR assays for detecting Brugia DNA in human blood and compared the results of these assays to those of "gold standard" assays. One assay uses a TaqMan probe (TaqM) to amplifiy a 320-bp "HhaI repeat" DNA sequence. The other assay uses a minor groove binding probe (MGB) and modified nucleotides in primers (Eclipse MGB) to amplify a 120-bp fragment of the HhaI repeat. This assay detects 22 copies of the target sequence, and it is more sensitive than the TaqM assay. Both assays were evaluated with human blood samples from two different areas of endemicity. The MGB assay was as sensitive as membrane filtration and microscopy for the detection of B. malayi infection in 57 blood samples recovered at night from patients in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The MGB assay also detected parasite DNA in 17 of 31 (55%) of microfilaria-negative day blood samples from these subjects. This test was more sensitive than the conventional and the TaqM PCRs (and was almost as sensitive as night blood membrane filtration) for the detection of infection in 52 blood samples recovered at night from individuals in an area of B. timori endemicity on Alor Island, Indonesia, where microfilaria-positive individuals had low densities after mass treatment. Thus, the Eclipse MGB real-time PCR assay is a sensitive means of detecting Brugia parasite DNA in human blood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primer Express software for TaqMan (TaqM) assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) recommended the use of primers and a probe that were 28 to 40 bp long. Therefore, we decided to use the published primers and probe sequences for the conventional PCR in a TaqM assay (5,18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Brugia Parasite DNA in Human Blood by Real-Time PCR

et al. 2006

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“…These studies suggest that selection of drug-resistant parasite clones may be associated with increased chances of transmission; however, this hypothesis has yet to be systematically tested given the complex relationship between drug resistance and malaria transmission, which involves factors such as multiplicity of resistant clones, transmission intensity, and the genetic nature of resistance traits (Talisuna et al 2003). Several other conditions have been associated with increased gametocyte production, including the time during transmission season (Ouédraogo et al 2008), response to mosquito probing or bites from uninfected mosquitoes , and presence of vector-borne factors in the blood (Fischer et al 2000).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sexual Commitment and Gametocyte Sequestrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of Malaria Transmission

Meibalan

Marti

2016

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

135

137

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Understanding transmission biology at an individual level is a key component of intervention strategies that target the spread of malaria parasites from human to mosquito. Gametocytes are specialized sexual stages of the malaria parasite life cycle developed during evolution to achieve crucial steps in transmission. As sexual differentiation and transmission are tightly linked, a deeper understanding of molecular and cellular events defining this relationship is essential to combat malaria. Recent advances in the field are gradually revealing mechanisms underlying sexual commitment, gametocyte sequestration, and dynamics of transmissible stages; however, key questions on fundamental gametocyte biology still remain. Moreover, species-specific variation between Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax transmission dynamics pose another significant challenge for worldwide malaria elimination efforts. Here, we review the biology of transmission stages, highlighting numerous factors influencing development and dynamics of gametocytes within the host and determinants of human infectiousness. C urrent measures for malaria elimination have been inspired by the Global Malaria Eradication Program (GMEP), which operated under the World Health Organization (WHO) between 1955 and 1969. The strategy of GMEP was largely based on dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-based indoor residual spraying (DDT-IRS) complemented with mass drug administration (Pampana 1969). Although GMEP was able to eliminate malaria from many regions of the world, it was eventually abandoned because of technical challenges, increasing spread of both insecticide resistance and drug-resistant parasite strains, and lack of continuous political support (Najera et al. 2011 ual parasites and early transmission stages, whereas mature infectious transmission stages are unaffected. To block transmission, ACT is often combined with the only transmissionblocking drug on the market, Primaquine. However, recent emergence of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia asks for urgent evaluation of alternative treatment strategies (Noedl et al. 2008;Dondorp et al. 2009;Mbengue et al. 2015;Straimer et al. 2015).Of the five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans, Plasmodium falciparum is lethal and responsible for severe disease pathology and the majority of deaths due to malaria, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium vivax typically causes milder infections than P. falciparum but has a much greater geographical distribution (Gething et al. 2012). The clinical symptoms of malaria are largely a result of the replication of asexual stages in human blood, but transmission to mosquitoes is only achieved through the development of sexual stages, termed gametocytes. To abrogate transmission of P. falciparum, we must be able to clear asexual and sexual stages from the human host, eventually rendering an individual noninfectious to mosquitoes. However, in the case of P. vivax, elimination is highly challenging because of the relapse of dormant liver-stage h...

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“…More sensitive methods, such as the PCR, need to be used for this purpose. 17 In the opinion of villagers in Mainang, the development of leg edema was due to extensive work in rice fields. In accordance with this belief, in rice field-free areas, where Bancroftian filariasis was endemic, almost no edema of the leg was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence of Brugia timori infection in the highland of Alor Island, Indonesia.

Supali

Wibowo²,

Fischer

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To identify areas endemic for Brugia timori infection, a field survey was carried out in 2001 on Alor, East Nusa Tenggara Timor, Indonesia. Elephantiasis was reported on this island by villagers as a major health problem. Bancroftian filariasis was detected in four villages in the coastal area, whereas B. timori was identified in four ricefarming villages. No mixed infections with both species were found. In the highland village Mainang (elevation ‫ס‬ 880 m), 586 individuals were examined for B. timori infection and 157 (27%) microfilaria carriers were detected. The prevalence of microfilaremic individuals standardized by sex and age was 25%. The geometric mean microfilarial density of microfilaremic individuals was 138 microfilariae/ml. Among teenagers and adults, males tended to have a higher microfilarial prevalence than females. Microfilaria prevalence increased with age and a maximum was observed in the fifth decade of life. In infected individuals, the microfilarial density increased rapidly and high levels were observed in those individuals 11−20 years old. The highest microfilaria density was found in a 27-year-old woman (6,028 microfilariae/ml). Brugia timori on Alor was nocturnally periodic, but in patients with high parasite loads, a small number of microfilariae was also detected in the day blood. The disease rate was high and many persons reported a history of acute filarial attacks. Seventy-seven (13%) individuals showed lymphedema of the leg that occasionally presented severe elephantiasis. No hydrocele or genital lymphedema were observed. This study showed that B. timori infection is not restricted to the lowland and indicated that it might have a wider distribution in the lesser Sunda archipelago than previously assumed.

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Detection of DNA of nocturnally periodic Brugia malayi in night and day blood samples by a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA-based method using an internal control DNA.

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Detection of Brugia Parasite DNA in Human Blood by Real-Time PCR

Detection of Brugia Parasite DNA in Human Blood by Real-Time PCR

Biology of Malaria Transmission

High prevalence of Brugia timori infection in the highland of Alor Island, Indonesia.

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