Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wild mammals of mainland Britain

Sturdee, A. P.; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Bull, S. A.

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(98)00226-x

Cited by 80 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Cryptosporidium species have a worldwide distribution, and the ability to infect a large range of vertebrate hosts (208,212,223,236,263). Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the species most commonly associated with human cryptosporidiosis (149), though infections with other species such as Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium meleagridis (121,224) have been reported, particularly in IS patients (149,198).…”

Section: Cryptosporidiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

et al. 2009

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SUMMARY Globally, the number of immunosuppressed people increases each year, with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continuing to spread unabated in many parts of the world. Immunosuppression may also occur in malnourished persons, patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignancy, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Components of the immune system can be functionally or genetically abnormal as a result of acquired (e.g., caused by HIV infection, lymphoma, or high-dose steroids or other immunosuppressive medications) or congenital illnesses, with more than 120 congenital immunodeficiencies described to date that either affect humoral immunity or compromise T-cell function. All individuals affected by immunosuppression are at risk of infection by opportunistic parasites (such as the microsporidia) as well as those more commonly associated with gastrointestinal disease (such as Giardia). The outcome of infection by enteric protozoan parasites is dependent on absolute CD4+ cell counts, with lower counts being associated with more severe disease, more atypical disease, and a greater risk of disseminated disease. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge on the significance of enteric parasitic protozoa as a cause of disease in immunosuppressed persons and also provides guidance on recent advances in diagnosis and therapy for the control of these important parasites.

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Section: Cryptosporidiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

et al. 2009

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“…Among these, at least eight species (Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. felis, C. canis, C. muris, C. suis, and C. andersoni) and six genotypes (cervine, horse, rabbit, and skunk genotypes, chipmunk genotype I, and pig genotype II) have been detected in immunocompromised and immunocompetent persons, some of which involved only a few cases (3,5,6,12,27). Since the first description of Cryptosporidium in feces of rabbits by Tyzzer in 1912, the organism has been reported for farmed, pet, laboratory, and wild rabbits (7,9,10,(13)(14)(15)(16)28).…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Genetic Characteristics, and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptosporidium Species Causing Infections in Farm Rabbits in China

Shi

Jian

et al. 2010

J Clin Microbiol

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To assess the prevalence and public health significance of rabbit cryptosporidiosis, a total of 1,081 fecal specimens were collected between October 2007 and April 2008 from rabbits on eight farms in five different areas in Henan Province, China, and were examined by microscopy after Sheather's sucrose flotation and modified acid-fast staining. The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 3.4% (37/1,081 samples). There was a significant association between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and the age of animals ( 2 ‫؍‬ 57.13; P < 0.01); the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in 1-to 3-month-old rabbits was the highest (10.9%). The Cryptosporidium species in microscopy-positive specimens were genotyped by sequence analyses of the 18S rRNA, 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), oocyst wall protein (COWP), and actin genes and were subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Only the Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype was identified, with 100% sequence identity to published sequences of the 18S rRNA, HSP70, COWP, and actin genes, and the strains belonged to three gp60 subtypes (VbA36, VbA35, and VbA29). In view of the recent finding of the Cryptosporidium rabbit genotype in human outbreak and sporadic cases, the role of rabbits in the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis should be reassessed.

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“…Numerous species of Cryptosporidium are currently recognized as affecting mammals; these species include C. parvum, C. muris, C. wrairi, and C. felis (6,24). C. parvum has been reported to be present in approximately 70 species of mammals belonging to nine orders (11,25,37), whereas C. muris, C. wrairi, and C. felis appear to have more restricted host ranges (reviewed in reference 24). In addition, C. parvum variants or strains have been identified; although there is controversy regarding the phylogenetic status and nomenclature of these organisms, a convention for genotype designations using numbers and/or names has developed (49).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The natural ecology of C. parvum probably involves sylvatic cycles with transmission among wild mammals in which the infection may be largely asymptomatic (7,37). Zoonotic cycles also occur in agricultural settings where high infection rates are seen in domestic animals, particularly dairy cattle (12,21,28,40,43).…”

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Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Involving Novel Genotypes in Wildlife from Lower New York State

Perz

Blancq

2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

103

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Cryptosporidium, an enteric parasite of humans and a wide range of other mammals, presents numerous challenges to the supply of safe drinking water. We performed a wildlife survey, focusing on white-tailed deer and small mammals, to assess whether they may serve as environmental sources of Cryptosporidium. A PCR-based approach that permitted genetic characterization via sequence analysis was applied to wildlife fecal samples (n ‫؍‬ 111) collected from September 1996 to July 1998 from three areas in lower New York State. Southern analysis revealed 22 fecal samples containing Cryptosporidium small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA; these included 10 of 91 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) samples, 3 of 5 chipmunk (Tamias striatus) samples, 1 of 2 white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) samples, 1 of 2 striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) samples, 1 of 5 racoon (Procyon lotor) samples, and 6 of 6 muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) samples. All of the 15 SSU PCR products sequenced were characterized as Cryptosporidium parvum; two were identical to genotype 2 (bovine), whereas the remainder belonged to two novel SSU sequence groups, designated genotypes 3 and 4. Genotype 3 comprised four deer-derived sequences, whereas genotype 4 included nine sequences from deer, mouse, chipmunk, and muskrat samples. PCR analysis was performed on the SSU-positive fecal samples for three other Cryptosporidium loci (dihydrofolate reductase, polythreonine-rich protein, and beta-tubulin), and 8 of 10 cloned PCR products were consistent with C. parvum genotype 2. These data provide evidence that there is sylvatic transmission of C. parvum involving deer and other small mammals. This study affirmed the importance of wildlife as potential sources of Cryptosporidium in the catchments of public water supplies.

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Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wild mammals of mainland Britain

Cited by 80 publications

References 19 publications

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

Prevalence, Genetic Characteristics, and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptosporidium Species Causing Infections in Farm Rabbits in China

Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Involving Novel Genotypes in Wildlife from Lower New York State

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