Detection of contaminants in water supply: A review on state-of-the-art monitoring technologies and their applications

Abstract

a b s t r a c tWater monitoring technologies are widely used for contaminants detection in wide variety of water ecology applications such as water treatment plant and water distribution system. A tremendous amount of research has been conducted over the past decades to develop robust and efficient techniques of contaminants detection with minimum operating cost and energy. Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques and biosensor approach have improved the detection sensitivities, quantitatively and qualitatively. The availability of in-situ measurements and multiple detection analyses has expanded the water monitoring applications in various advanced techniques including successful establishment in hand-held sensing devices which improves portability in real-time basis for the detection of contaminant, such as microorganisms, pesticides, heavy metal ions, inorganic and organic components. This paper intends to review the developments in water quality monitoring technologies for the detection of biological and chemical contaminants in accordance with instrumental limitations. Particularly, this review focuses on the most recently developed techniques for water contaminant detection applications. Several recommendations and prospective views on the developments in water quality assessments will also be included.

Tailoring Covalent Organic Frameworks To Capture Water Contaminants

“…Contaminants associated with water pollution can be classified in two main groups: inorganic and organic (Figure ). The inorganic contaminants that can be found in water supplies include silica, sodium, fluoride, cyanide, sulfur, ammonia, nitrate, and chlorine . Furthermore, other critical hazardous substances that have been detected in urban areas are heavy metals, for example, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and nickel .…”

“…The inorganic contaminants that can be found in water supplies include silica, sodium, fluoride, cyanide, sulfur, ammonia, nitrate, and chlorine . Furthermore, other critical hazardous substances that have been detected in urban areas are heavy metals, for example, cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and nickel . Additionally, within inorganic compounds should be included the radiological elements, such as uranium (U 234 and U 238 ) and radium (Ra 226 and Ra 228 ), radioisotopes used in the industry …”

A Self-Powered Wireless Water Quality Sensing Network Enabling Smart Monitoring of Biological and Chemical Stability in Supply Systems

“…Conventionally, water quality is monitored by periodic sampling and laboratory chemical analysis. This approach grants excellent sensitivity and selectivity in detection, at the price of limited spatio-temporal resolution [1]. In-line instruments, monitoring mostly electrochemical parameters, are being introduced as well in a few locations.…”

Paper-Based Biosensors for Analysis of Water

“…Some of the chemical compounds are persistent to degradation and, therefore, can accumulate in aquatic organisms and sediments. Thus, the monitoring of contaminants in the aquatic environment is crucial to study their impact [4].…”