Detection of Citrus Psorosis Virus by ELISA, Molecular Hybridization, RT-PCR and Immunosorbent Electron Microscopy and its Association with Citrus Psorosis Disease

Recent advances in Citrus psorosis virus

“…1d, f) with brownish gummy pustules in the leaf underside (Fig. 1g), and sometimes ringspots on fruits [33,54,77]. Bark scaling often appears in 10-12-year-old trees.…”

“…Apart from CPsV, several other diseases can cause psorosis-like bark scaling on citrus, particularly, leprosis (most commonly caused by Citrus leprosis virus-C), Bahía bark scaling, foot rot caused by Phytophtora, Rio Grande gummosis, and genetic disorders including lemon shell bark and sunscald [33,37], and psorosis-like bark scaling reported from Spain noted in some trees apparently free of CPsV by serology and psorosis-free by biological indexing [32].…”

“…The tools used to detect CPsV in citrus trees are mainly based on using indicator plants and on laboratory tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [20,33,80]. After CPsV sequences became available, molecular tests based on RT-PCR and dot blot or tissue-print hybridization were also developed for CPsV detection [5,20,26,28,32,55,57,67].…”

“…Gum may accumulate below the bark scales and may impregnate the xylem producing wood staining and vessel occlusion [54]. Other symptoms including chlorotic flecking or spotting in young leaves, and ringspots in leaves or fruits are sometimes observed, particularly in the spring flush [33].The disease has been reported from many citrusgrowing areas all over the world [54]. Usually, infected trees are not killed by the virus but slowly decline and eventually become unproductive, causing damage to citrus industry in the Mediterranean basin, and in some areas of South America.…”

“…CPsV is classified in the genus Ophiovirus (Greek 'ophio' = snake), indicating the elongated twisted and coiled appearance of the virus particles [33,36,73].…”