Detection of bound ferulic acid in cell walls of the Gramineae by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy

Harris, Philip J.; Hartley, Roy D.

doi:10.1038/259508a0

Cited by 378 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Alkaline hydrolysis breaks mainly ester linkages. The release of ferulate is in agreement with the green autofluorescence of stem sections induced by long-wavelength UV excitation, which has been described to be caused by ferulate esters (see Supplemental Figure 1 online; Harris and Hartley, 1976).…”

Section: Altered Lignin Structure In Ccr-downregulated Poplarssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Phloroglucinol-HCl and Mä ule staining are considered to stain specifically cinnamaldehyde end groups (Adler et al, 1948) and syringyl (S) units in lignin (Lewis and Yamamoto, 1990), respectively. Under longwavelength UV light, at elevated pH (pH 10.3), ferulate esters fluoresce intensely green (Harris and Hartley, 1976).…”

Section: Histochemical and Autofluorescence Changes Associated With Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure

et al. 2007

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Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyzes the penultimate step in monolignol biosynthesis. We show that downregulation of CCR in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula 3 Populus alba) was associated with up to 50% reduced lignin content and an orange-brown, often patchy, coloration of the outer xylem. Thioacidolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), immunocytochemistry of lignin epitopes, and oligolignol profiling indicated that lignin was relatively more reduced in syringyl than in guaiacyl units. The cohesion of the walls was affected, particularly at sites that are generally richer in syringyl units in wild-type poplar. Ferulic acid was incorporated into the lignin via ether bonds, as evidenced independently by thioacidolysis and by NMR. A synthetic lignin incorporating ferulic acid had a red-brown coloration, suggesting that the xylem coloration was due to the presence of ferulic acid during lignification. Elevated ferulic acid levels were also observed in the form of esters. Transcript and metabolite profiling were used as comprehensive phenotyping tools to investigate how CCR downregulation impacted metabolism and the biosynthesis of other cell wall polymers. Both methods suggested reduced biosynthesis and increased breakdown or remodeling of noncellulosic cell wall polymers, which was further supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wet chemistry analysis. The reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose were associated with an increased proportion of cellulose. Furthermore, the transcript and metabolite profiling data pointed toward a stress response induced by the altered cell wall structure. Finally, chemical pulping of wood derived from 5-year-old, field-grown transgenic lines revealed improved pulping characteristics, but growth was affected in all transgenic lines tested.

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Section: Altered Lignin Structure In Ccr-downregulated Poplarssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Histochemical and Autofluorescence Changes Associated With Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure

et al. 2007

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“…In addition, possible stress-induced changes in levels of cell wall-bound phenolics, carbohydrates, and proteins at specific locations along the root elongation zone and beyond were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Séné et al, 1994;Carpita and McCann, 2002). The localized accumulation of cell wall-bound phenolics, under well-watered or water deficit conditions, was then visualized in cross sections from equivalent root regions using UVfluorescence microscopy (Harris and Hartley, 1976;Rudall and Caddick, 1994) and by in situ staining for lignins (Chapple et al, 1992). Finally, we used a surgical approach to determine whether localized accumulation of wall phenolics occurred in the root tissues, which actually limited root elongation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Progressive Inhibition by Water Deficit of Cell Wall Extensibility and Growth along the Elongation Zone of Maize Roots Is Related to Increased Lignin Metabolism and Progressive Stelar Accumulation of Wall Phenolics

et al. 2005

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Water deficit caused by addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 at 20.5 MPa water potential to well-aerated nutrient solution for 48 h inhibited the elongation of maize (Zea mays) seedling primary roots. Segmental growth rates in the root elongation zone were maintained 0 to 3 mm behind the tip, but in comparison with well-watered control roots, progressive growth inhibition was initiated by water deficit as expanding cells crossed the region 3 to 9 mm behind the tip. The mechanical extensibility of the cell walls was also progressively inhibited. We investigated the possible involvement in root growth inhibition by water deficit of alterations in metabolism and accumulation of wall-linked phenolic substances. Water deficit increased expression in the root elongation zone of transcripts of two genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 and 2, after only 1 h, i.e. before decreases in wall extensibility. Further increases in transcript expression and increased lignin staining were detected after 48 h. Progressive stress-induced increases in wall-linked phenolics at 3 to 6 and 6 to 9 mm behind the root tip were detected by comparing Fourier transform infrared spectra and UV-fluorescence images of isolated cell walls from water deficit and control roots. Increased UV fluorescence and lignin staining colocated to vascular tissues in the stele. Longitudinal bisection of the elongation zone resulted in inward curvature, suggesting that inner, stelar tissues were also rate limiting for root growth. We suggest that spatially localized changes in wall-phenolic metabolism are involved in the progressive inhibition of wall extensibility and root growth and may facilitate root acclimation to drying environments.

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“…Como reportado por Harris & Hartley (1976) e Morrison & Stewart (1995), os derivados cinâmicos foram detectados em apreciáveis teores nas gramíneas. No caso do milho, uma gramínea C 4 , a soma desses derivados foi igual à soma dos núcleos siringílicos (siringaldeído e ácido siríngico), enquanto no "bromegrass" (uma C 3 ) houve detecção dos ácidos p-coumárico e ferúlico, mas em menor quantidade que no milho.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Composição fenólica de ligninas dioxano determinadas pela reação oxidativa com o nitrobenzeno

Fukushima

Hatfield

2003

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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Resumo -A correta quantificação da concentração de lignina em plantas forrageiras, pelo método espectrofotométrico, pressupõe a existência de um padrão de referência. Um padrão de referência deve ter composição fenólica semelhante à da lignina da parede celular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se ligninas extraídas com solução ácida de dioxano para serem utilizadas como padrão de referên-cia, apresentariam variação na composição fenólica da mesma maneira que a lignina da parede celular. Amostras de parede celular de "bromegrass", milho e trevo-vermelho foram submetidas ao método para extração de ligninas com solução ácida de dioxano. A composição fenólica das ligninas foi analisada mediante oxidação alcalina pelo nitrobenzeno com posterior separação dos componentes monoméricos via HPLC. As ligninas extraídas confirmaram a existência de variação na composição fenólica da mesma maneira às ligninas intactas presentes na parede celular e de substancial presença de ácidos cinâmicos nas ligninas de gramíneas. No que diz respeito à composição fenólica, ligninas extraídas com solução ácida de dioxano podem ser consideradas potenciais padrões de referência paras as análises espectrofotométricas.Termos para indexação: parede celular, planta forrageira, ácido cinâmico, ácido ferúlico. Phenolic composition of dioxane lignins as determined by nitrobenzene oxidative reactionAbstract -The correct quantification of lignin concentration in forages through the spectrophotometric method presumes the existence of a reference standard. This standard must have a phenolic composition similar to the cell wall lignin. The objective of this work was to verify if the lignins extracted with acidic dioxane solution to be used as reference standard would present the same variation in the phenolic composition as it occurs in the cell wall lignin. Bromegrass, corn and red clover cell wall samples were submitted to the method for extraction of lignins with an acidic dioxane solution. The phenolic composition of the extracted lignins was analyzed by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation followed by HPLC separation. Extracted lignins confirmed that they have phenolic composition variation the same way as do intact lignins present in the cell wall and that grass lignins showed substantial presence of cinnamic acids. Concerning to phenolic composition lignins extracted by acidic dioxane may potentially be used as reference standards in the spectrophotometric analysis.

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Detection of bound ferulic acid in cell walls of the Gramineae by ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy

Cited by 378 publications

References 11 publications

Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure

Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure

Progressive Inhibition by Water Deficit of Cell Wall Extensibility and Growth along the Elongation Zone of Maize Roots Is Related to Increased Lignin Metabolism and Progressive Stelar Accumulation of Wall Phenolics

Composição fenólica de ligninas dioxano determinadas pela reação oxidativa com o nitrobenzeno

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