Detection of biofilm formation in <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> from implant infections. Comparison of a PCR‐method that recognizes the presence of <i>ica</i> genes with two classic phenotypic methods

Arciola, Carla Renata; Campoccia, Davide; Baldassarri, Lucilla; Donati, Maria Benedetta; Pirini, Valter; Gamberini, Simonetta; Montanaro, Lucio

doi:10.1002/jbm.a.30552

Cited by 97 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…However, PIA production does not seem to be of universal importance for biofilm formation and biofilmassociated infection, as PIA-independent biofilm formation has been demonstrated (Rohde et al 2005). Furthermore, some strains isolated from biofilm-associated infection do not have the ica genes (Arciola et al 2006). Interestingly, invasiveness of non-invasive S. epidermidis that lack the ica operon can be restored by introduction of the ica genes (Li et al 2005).…”

Section: Maturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcal Biofilms

Otto

2008

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

688

686

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Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections and infections on indwelling medical devices, which characteristically involve biofilms. Recent advances in staphylococcal molecular biology have provided more detailed insight into the basis of biofilm formation in these opportunistic pathogens. A series of surface proteins mediate initial attachment to host matrix proteins, which is followed by the expression of a cationic glucosamine-based exopolysaccharide that aggregates the bacterial cells. In some cases, proteins may function as alternative aggregating substances. Furthermore, surfactant peptides have now been recognized as key factors involved in generating the 3-dimensional structure of a staphylococcal biofilm by cellcell disruptive forces, which eventually may lead to the detachment of entire cell clusters. Transcriptional profiling experiments have defined the specific physiology of staphylococcal biofilms and demonstrated that biofilm resistance to antimicrobials is due to gene-regulated processes. Finally, novel animal models of staphylococcal biofilm-associated infection have given us important information on which factors define biofilm formation in vivo. These recent advances constitute an important basis for the development of anti-staphylococcal drugs and vaccines.

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Section: Maturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcal Biofilms

Otto

2008

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

688

686

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“…Staphylococcal biofilm formation depends on synthesis of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), encoded by icaA (15)(16)(17). We examined icaA gene expression as an index of biofilm formation on Mg and Ti sample surfaces.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Properties of Magnesium In Vitro and in an In Vivo Model of Implant-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Liu

Zhai

et al. 2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

103

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Periprosthetic infection remains a challenging clinical complication. We investigated the antibacterial properties of pure (99.9%) magnesium (Mg) in vitro and in an in vivo rat model of implant-related infection. Mg was highly effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis and improved new peri-implant bone formation. Bacterial icaA and agr RNAIII transcription levels were also assessed to characterize the mechanism underlying the antibacterial properties of the Mg implant.A rtificial metal implants are widely used to repair bone injury due to fractures, tumor resection, and other causes. However, periprosthetic infections (PPI) are a clinically challenging complication, as the biomaterial implant surfaces serve as substrates for bacterial adhesion, colonization, and biofilm formation (1, 2). Prolonged antimicrobial treatment, implant removal, and surgical revision are often necessary to cure PPI, which leads to increased patient morbidity and places a substantial health care burden on society. Conventional PPI prevention relies on systemic antibiotics, which possess several disadvantages: (i) it is difficult to achieve an effective local antibiotic concentration without risking systemic toxicity, (ii) therapy is ineffective once the adherent bacteria have formed a biofilm on the implant surface, and (iii) they increase the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a common osteomyelitis-inducing pathogenic bacterium. Thus, many studies have focused on the development of novel medical biomaterials with antibacterial properties, such as metal implants, that prevent and/or treat implant-associated infection (3-6).Pure magnesium plates were first introduced as orthopedic implants in 1907. Since then, this biodegradable magnesiumbased metal and its alloy have been widely investigated for their utility as implant materials suitable for bone and cardiovascular applications due to their cytocompatibility and mechanical properties similar to those of natural bone (7-10). Previous investigations have found that the corrosion products of Mg degradation possess in vitro antibacterial function because they increase local alkalinity (11). These characteristics suggest that Mg-based metal could provide clinical utility as an orthopedic implant to prevent implant-associated infections. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial properties of pure Mg (99.9%) against MRSA. Rat models of implant-related osteomyelitis (Sprague-Dawley rats) were implanted with pure Mg intramedullary nails. The efficacy of the nails for treating osteomyelitis and the amount of new peri-implant bone formation were evaluated. We also assessed bacterial icaA and agr RNAIII transcription to identify the mechanism underlying the antibacterial properties of pure Mg.The in vitro antibacterial efficiency of Mg and titanium (Ti) sample discs ( ϭ 15 mm) was analyzed using the spread plate method (12, 13) after coculturing with MRSA (ATCC 43300) for 6...

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“…An important contribution to cell-cell adhesion and biofilm formation is the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), whose synthesis is mediated by the intercellular adhesion (icaADBC) locus [6]. Expression of only icaA induces a low enzyme activity, while icaA and icaD co-expression leads to a significant increase in enzyme activity [22,23]. Several studies have shown that formation of biofilm in staphylococci causing catheter-associated infections is associated with the presence of both icaA and icaD genes [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro and potential for catheter-related infections

Oufrid

Ghazlane

Jamali

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: The present study evaluated biofilm-forming capacity and the presence of both icaA and icaD genes among staphylococcal strains isolated from catheter-related infections and blood culture. Methodology: Ninety staphylococcal isolates, which included 45 strains of catheter infection origin and 45 strains of blood culture origin, were tested for their ability to produce biofilm using microtiter test plates and a catheter test. The presence of icaA and icaD genes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Of the 45 strains of catheter infection origin, 22 (48.88%) formed biofilm. In comparison, only 10 (22.22%) of the 45 strains of blood culture origin formed biofilms. Similar results were obtained from both the microplate test and catheter test. In the 32 strains that were able to form biofilm, 30 were positive for icaA and icaD genes, and the remaining 2 strains were negative for both genes. Fifteen staphylococcal strains of all origins presented only the icaA locus and did not form biofilm. In 88 of 90 tested strains (97.77%), there was a positive correlation between biofilm production and presence of icaA and icaD genes, and between no biofilm production and absence of both or only one of the tested genes. Conclusions: The ability of staphylococcal isolates to form biofilm in vitro appears to be an indication of a virulence trait that enhances the ability of isolates to cause catheter-related infections. In addition, our results indicate an important role of ica genes and phenotypic variability of biofilm production as virulence factors in staphylococcal infections.

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Detection of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis from implant infections. Comparison of a PCR‐method that recognizes the presence of ica genes with two classic phenotypic methods

Cited by 97 publications

References 24 publications

Staphylococcal Biofilms

Staphylococcal Biofilms

Antibacterial Properties of Magnesium In Vitro and in an In Vivo Model of Implant-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Correlation between staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro and potential for catheter-related infections

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