Detection of Airborne Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Inside and Downwind of a Swine Building, and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational, Animal Health, and Environmental Implications

Ferguson, Dwight D.; Smith, Tara C.; Hanson, Blake; Wardyn, Shylo E.; Donham, Kelley J.

doi:10.1080/1059924x.2016.1142917

Cited by 33 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The observation, that the largest fractions of S . aureus and MRSA deposit in the upper airways, is in accordance with what has been found for MRSA in a pig farm ( Ferguson et al , 2016 ), and for culturable, mesophilic bacteria in livestock husbandry ( Clauss, 2015 ). In a Chinese hen house, S .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Airborne MRSA and Total Staphylococcus aureus as Associated With Particles of Different Sizes on Pig Farms

Madsen

Kurdi

Feld

et al. 2018

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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Airborne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have previously been found on pig farms, which may lead to nasal deposition of MRSA in humans via inhalation. The anterior nares are the main niche for S. aureus, and S. aureus can cause, e.g. wound infection and pneumonia. The aim of this study was to acquire knowledge about the potential deposition of airborne MRSA, specifically, and of total S. aureus (including both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and MRSA, in the following called S. aureus) in the different parts of the airways during occupancy on pig farms. Measurements of airborne MRSA and S. aureus were performed on four pig farms using a six and a three-stage sampler during different work tasks, such as high-pressure cleaning and everyday inspection. MRSA were quantified using MRSA-selective agar, and S. aureus were quantified using Staphylococcus selective agar. The identity of the bacteria were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of MRSA and S. aureus were 447 cfu/m3 air and 1.8 × 103 cfu/m3 air, respectively. The highest concentrations of MRSA and S. aureus were found among pigs in a weaner stable and during high-pressure cleaning of an empty stable, respectively. The lowest concentrations of MRSA and S. aureus were found in a stable with sick pigs and in feed-storages, respectively. Most MRSA and S. aureus were associated with particles between 7 and 12 µm. On average, the particle size fractions potentially depositing in the upper airways constituted 70%, in the primary and secondary bronchi 22%, and in the terminal bronchi and alveoli 8% of the inhalable MRSA and S. aureus concentration. Across the sampled areas, the geometric mean diameter (Dg) of particles with MRSA and S. aureus were 7.2 and 6.4 µm, respectively, and no significant difference was found between these Dgs. The Dg of the airborne particles with the studied bacterium was significantly associated with the different locations on the farms. The largest Dgs were found in the air samples from the aisles and on the fence to the pens, while the smallest Dgs were found in samples from the pens among the pigs and in samples taken at greater distances from the pigs: in the hallway, feed-storage, and entry room. In conclusion, airborne MRSA and S. aureus were found in sample fractions potentially depositing in all six parts of the airways. However, the majority was found to potentially deposit in the upper airways. The concentration of airborne MRSA and S. aureus and MRSA, as well as the fraction potentially depositing in the different parts of the airways, depended on the specific work task being performed and the location on the farm.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Airborne MRSA and Total Staphylococcus aureus as Associated With Particles of Different Sizes on Pig Farms

Madsen

Kurdi

Feld

et al. 2018

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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“…In conventional pig farms, MRSA occurs in dust and was found in air samples regularly ( Friese et al, 2012 ). According to Ferguson et al (2016) , the size of airborne particles depends on the collection points: In the barn air, MRSA was bound on particles larger than 5 μm originating from feces. By contrast, MRSA found in the surrounding of pig barns was bound on particles originating from feces or epithelial cells with less than 5 μm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main transmission route of MRSA is direct contact to animals as well as living or non-living vectors. In several studies, these resistant bacteria were also found in the air of pig barns as well as in exhaust air of pig farms ( Pletinckx et al, 2011 ; Friese et al, 2012 ; Ferguson et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, Ferguson et al (2016) reported deposited MRSA in soil up to a distance of 215 m of the pig farm surrounding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Persistent and Transient Airborne MRSA Colonization of Piglets in a Newly Established Animal Model

et al. 2018

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Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) was first found in 2005 and is up to date widespread in animal husbandry reservoir – focusing on pig farming. The regular detectability of MRSA in the air of pigsties as well as in exhaust air of pig farms (mean count: 102 cfu/m3) poses the question whether an airborne spread and, therefore, a MRSA colonization of animals via the airborne route exists. To answer this question, we exposed three groups of nine MRSA-negative tested piglets each to a defined airborne MRSA concentration (102, 104, and 106 cfu/m3) in our aerosol chamber for 24 h. In the following observation period of 21 days, the MRSA status of the piglets was monitored by taking different swab samples (nasal, pharyngeal, skin, conjunctival, and rectal swab). At the end of the experiment, we euthanized the piglets and investigated different tissues and organs for the spread of MRSA. The data of our study imply the presence of an airborne MRSA colonization route: the animals exposed to 106 cfu/m3 MRSA in the air were persistent colonized. The piglets exposed to an airborne MRSA concentration of 104 cfu/m3 were transient, and the piglets exposed to an airborne MRSA concentration of 102 cfu/m3 were not colonized. Consequently, a colonization via the airborne route was proven.

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“…These superantigens are involved with staphylococcal food intoxication, which is one of the diseases transmitted by food that presents high occurrence worldwide. The production of staphylococcal enterotoxins increases the pathogenic potential of these bacteria (DIEDRICH et al, 2013;FERREIRA et al, 2014;HENNEKINNE et al, 2010;KLUYTMANS, 2010;SERGELIDIS;ANGELIDIS, 2017) Therefore, considering the production chain of pig meat and the involved animals, environments, handlers, workers, and equipment and utensils, there are several different sources of contamination and transmission of Staphylococcus spp., which denotes the importance of this animal production for public health (DWEBA;ZISHIRI;EL ZOWALATY, 2019;FERGUSON et al, 2016;MASSON;CARVALHO, 2012;VAN CLEEF et al,. 2010).…”

Section: Staphylococcus Spp In Pig Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in swine farming: a challenge for one health

Nobre

Santos

Oliveira

et al. 2019

AVB

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Article history The inadequate and excessive use of antimicrobial agents in pig farming has contributed to the emergence and increase of resistance to antibiotics in both bacteria related to infectious processes in these animals as those that constitute their own microbiota. This conduct also causes the dissemination of these microorganisms throughout the pig production chain, causing damages to health of consumers of their meat and processed-meat products. The effect of excess use of these medicines can even reach and compromise other ecosystems. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) stands out among bacterium species of interest to the public health. They emerged as important zoonotic pathogens, whose evolution generated different virulence and mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents and has been associated to high use of these medicines in pig farming. The development of resistance to antibiotics in Staphylococcus spp., especially the expression of the gene mecA, and their interrelation with pig farming are aspects considered in this work. The emergence and global presence of MRS in pig farming denote the important epidemiological involvement of these animal species in the dissemination of these microorganisms, and the occurrence of infections in humans and animals in the whole world. This is a scenario that requires attention by public health agencies and should not be overlooked.

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Detection of Airborne Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInside and Downwind of a Swine Building, and in Animal Feed: Potential Occupational, Animal Health, and Environmental Implications

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Airborne MRSA and Total Staphylococcus aureus as Associated With Particles of Different Sizes on Pig Farms

Airborne MRSA and Total Staphylococcus aureus as Associated With Particles of Different Sizes on Pig Farms

Persistent and Transient Airborne MRSA Colonization of Piglets in a Newly Established Animal Model

Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in swine farming: a challenge for one health

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