“…The challenge of food adulteration is complex with multiple factors of influence including market competition, supply chain pressure and power dynamics, resource scarcity, inadequate governance, lack of sanctions and low probability of discovery, rapid development of systems, logistics and technology, data swamping and opacity (Charlebois, Schwab, Henn, & Huck, 2016;Manning, Smith & Soon, 2016;Marvin et al, 2016). Food adulteration has been associated with high value food such as olive oil (Garrido-Delgado, Munoz-Perez & Arce, 2018), honey (Amiry, Esmaiili & Alizadeh, 2017) and herbs and spices (Silvis, van Ruth, van der Fels-Klerx & Luning, 2017;Galvin-King, Haughey & Elliott, 2017). Although luxury items are perceived to be more likely to be targeted by fraudsters, generally they are not eaten in the same quantity as cereal-derived products.…”