Detection of Adenovirus in the waters of the Seine River estuary by nested-PCR

288

247

A nested-PCR method was used to detect the occurrence of human adenovirus in coastal waters of Southern California. Twenty-to forty-liter water samples were collected from 12 beach locations from Malibu to the border of Mexico between February and March 1999. All sampling sites were located at mouths of major rivers and creeks. Two ultrafiltration concentration methods, tangential flow filtration (TFF) and vortex flow filtration (VFF), were compared using six environmental samples. Human adenoviruses were detected in 4 of the 12 samples tested after nucleic acid extraction of VFF concentrates. The most probable number of adenoviral genomes ranged from 880 to 7,500 per liter of water. Coliphages were detected at all sites, with the concentration varying from 5.3 to 3332 PFU/liter of water. F-specific coliphages were found at 5 of the 12 sites, with the concentration ranging from 5.5 to 300 PFU/liter. The presence of human adenovirus was not significantly correlated with the concentration of coliphage (r ‫؍‬ 0.32) but was significantly correlated (r ‫؍‬ 0.99) with F-specific coliphage. The bacterial indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci) were found to exceed California recreational water quality daily limits at 5 of the 12 sites. However, this excess of bacterial indicators did not correlate with the presence of human adenoviruses in coastal waters. The results of this study call for both a reevaluation of our current recreational water quality standards to reflect the viral quality of recreational waters and monitoring of recreational waters for human viruses on a regular basis.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Human Adenoviruses and Coliphages in Urban Runoff-Impacted Coastal Waters of Southern California

Jiang

Noble

2001

288

247

“…Several authors have shown that Enterovirus spp. are not representative of all viruses (4,6,28,29,38). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Coliforms and Coliphages as Tools for Assessment of Viral Contamination in River Water

Skraber

Gassilloud

Gantzer

2004

The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of pathogenic viruses in the Moselle River and to compare the usefulness of thermotolerant coliforms and somatic coliphages as tools for river water quality assessment in terms of viral contamination. Thermotolerant coliforms and somatic coliphages were enumerated by standardized methods in 170 samples of river water drawn from five sampling sites along the Moselle River (eastern France). BGM cell culture and integrated cell culture-reverse transcription-PCR DNA enzyme immunoassay were used to determine the presence of pathogenic viral genome (Enterovirus and Norovirus genogroup II [GGII]) and infectious Enterovirus spp. in 90 1-liter samples. No infectious Enterovirus spp. were isolated, but Enterovirus and Norovirus GGII genomes were detected in 38% of the samples. Norovirus GGII genome was mostly detected in winter, whereas Enterovirus genome was mostly detected in summer and fall. Somatic coliphages appeared to be less sensitive to higher river water temperature than thermotolerant coliforms. Furthermore, the number of river water samples positive for pathogenic viral genome increased with increasing concentration of somatic coliphages, whereas coliform concentration was unrelated to viral genome contamination. Consequently somatic coliphages, which are less sensitive to environmental factors than thermotolerant coliforms in river water, would provide a promising tool for assessment of river water quality in terms of fecal and viral pollution.

“…Because HAdVs (especially types 40 and 41) do not produce consistent cytopathic effects in cell cultures, the use of cultivation-independent molecular techniques is even more crucial. Many PCR primer pairs have been designed and used to target the hexon gene of HAdVs in diverse water sources using conventional, nested, and/or multiplex PCR (2,3,5,6,13,24,32,33,34,41,44,46,53,57). In addition, integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR) techniques have been used to detect infectious HAdV (7,9,21,29,43).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Human Adenoviruses at Two Recreational Beaches of the Great Lakes

Xagoraraki¹,

Kuo²,

Wong³

et al. 2007

107

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have been related to several waterborne diseases such as acute gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, and respiratory illness, and it has been shown that an important human exposure pathway is through recreational waters. However, HAdV occurrence at recreational freshwater beaches has not been previously investigated. In this study, a total of 58 water samples were collected from two recreational beaches on Lake Michigan (