Detection of 3-nitropropionic acid and cytotoxicity inMucor circinelloides

Abstract

Mucorales are regarded as the aetiological agents of Mucormycosis. Their capabilities to produce mycotoxins are not profoundly investigated, in contrast to those of the fungi from the generaPenicillium, Aspergillus, orFusarium. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify fungi of the order Mucorales and investigate mycotoxins production. Twelve samples of visibly moulded grass silage and eight samples of damaged whole crop maize silage were analysed. Malt extract agar plates were used for sub cultivation. Three fungal species of the order Mucorales were isolated from grass silage, which were identified by their macro-and micro-morphology asAbsidia corymbifera, Mucor circinelloides andRhizopus stolonifer. The cytotoxicity ofMucor circinelloides extract was analysed using the cytotoxicity test (MTT assay) and the result, showed a low cytotoxicity. Additionally extracts fromAbsidia corymbifera, Mucor circinelloides andRhizopus stolonifer were tested for mycotoxin-production using an LC/MS/MS-based multimycotoxin method. 3-nitropropionic acid was detected in the culture extract ofMucor circinelloides.

Mitochondrial modulators in experimental Huntington’s disease: reversal of mitochondrial dysfunctions and cognitive deficits

“…Mitochondrial complex-II has been reported to, at least partly, involved in MTT reduction by intact astrocytes and neurons (Binawade and Jagtap, 2013), thus confirming inhibition of SDH by 3-NP. Such an overall metabolic defect observed in the administration of 3-NP contributed to impaired ATP energy production via F 1 F 0 synthase, which is in accordance with earlier findings (Hollmann et al, 2008). The impaired activities of mitochondrial complexes were accompanied by reduced levels of various cytochromes (cyt-a, cyt-b, cyt-c 1 , and cyt-c).…”

Molecular systematics in the genus Mucor with special regards to species encountered in cheese

“…Mucor species are often isolated from both raw materials and processed foods. To date, no Mucor species have been identified as mycotoxin producers (Hollmann et al 2008), however, they have been incriminated in food spoilage of meats, fruits or fresh vegetables (Lugauskas et al 2005;Hocking 2009). They can also be responsible for organoleptic defects in manufactured foods such as yams or dairy products (Foschino & Garzaroli 1993;Hayaloglu & Kirbag 2007;Hocking 2009) including the so-called 'cat-hair defect' observed on soft cheeses (B€ artschi & Berthier 1994).…”

Terpenoid biotransformations by Mucor species

“…Asexual spores are borne in sporangia on aerial sporangiophores and in the sexual reproduction the developing sporangiophores become modified to form sexual branches or zygophores. The Mucorales are widespread in nature and can be found on food, grain, vegetables, fruits, nuts and silage (Hollmann et al 2008).…”

“…Some Mucor species are used extensively in biotechnology for enzyme and organic acid production (Hollmann et al 2008) and are known to have enzyme systems with high proteolytic and lipolytic activity and are capable of producing ethanol and chitosan (Ma et al 2011). Other species are promised as secondary metabolites producers, such as Mucor rouxianus sp., an endophytic fungus from Taxus chinensis, which was found to produce 10-diacetyl baccatin, baccatin and taxol, being a new candidate for consideration in fermentation technology (Miao et al 2009).…”